411
• Prolong drug circulation time in the body [6].
• Enhance the bioavailability of the drug.
• Reduce both toxicity and adverse effects by providing targeted delivery of the
drug.
• Decrease the drug side effects.
• Provide an appropriate form for numerous routes of drug administration, i.e.
nasal, oral, intra-ocular, and parenteral.
• Allow rapid-formulation development.
• Ability to cross organ barrier, i.e. blood–brain barrier (BBB), and cell
membrane.
• High drug loading and incorporation of the moieties without involving any
chemical reaction; significant for preserving the activity of the drug [7].
• Show good potential for functionalization with various ligands and surface
modification.
• Improved permeation through several biological barriers [8].
• Enhance the pharmacological as well as therapeutic effects of conventional
drugs.
• Because of small size, NPs are able to bypass the BBB and function on the cellular level.
• Offers potentials of controlled release and targeting.
• The encapsulation of drug molecules into nanocarrier can prevent the degradation of the drug.
Following are the limitations of NPs: -
• Limited loading of drug and burst release.
• High surface free energy due to small size results in aggregation and agglomeration, secondary crystallization, and Ostwald ripening resulting in stability issues.
• Many NPs drug delivery systems have a too large size to extravasate in human
tumors [9, 10].
• Particle-particle aggregation due to reduced size and large surface area poses
difficulty in the physical handling of nanocarriers in dry and liquid states.
• Various techniques for the fabrication of NPs may not be suitable for large-scale
production.
• Involve high development cost, hence pose the economic and financial barriers
[11].
• Easy cellular uptake of NPs through the biological barriers and cellular membranes can cause cellular dysfunction [12, 13].
• Carrier systems themselves may inflict the harms to the patient [14].
• Furthermore, owing to their unique characteristics, including high surface/volume ratios, nanomaterials are reactive or catalytic and thus can be possibly toxic.
• Show low biological half-life due to quick removal of NPs by the reticuloendothelial system (RES).
• Traces of residual organic solvents cause toxicity.
• Possibility of poor targeting.
25 Role of Nanoparticles in the Management of Metabolic Disorders
• Prolong drug circulation time in the body [6].
• Enhance the bioavailability of the drug.
• Reduce both toxicity and adverse effects by providing targeted delivery of the
drug.
• Decrease the drug side effects.
• Provide an appropriate form for numerous routes of drug administration, i.e.
nasal, oral, intra-ocular, and parenteral.
• Allow rapid-formulation development.
• Ability to cross organ barrier, i.e. blood–brain barrier (BBB), and cell
membrane.
• High drug loading and incorporation of the moieties without involving any
chemical reaction; significant for preserving the activity of the drug [7].
• Show good potential for functionalization with various ligands and surface
modification.
• Improved permeation through several biological barriers [8].
• Enhance the pharmacological as well as therapeutic effects of conventional
drugs.
• Because of small size, NPs are able to bypass the BBB and function on the cellular level.
• Offers potentials of controlled release and targeting.
• The encapsulation of drug molecules into nanocarrier can prevent the degradation of the drug.
Following are the limitations of NPs: -
• Limited loading of drug and burst release.
• High surface free energy due to small size results in aggregation and agglomeration, secondary crystallization, and Ostwald ripening resulting in stability issues.
• Many NPs drug delivery systems have a too large size to extravasate in human
tumors [9, 10].
• Particle-particle aggregation due to reduced size and large surface area poses
difficulty in the physical handling of nanocarriers in dry and liquid states.
• Various techniques for the fabrication of NPs may not be suitable for large-scale
production.
• Involve high development cost, hence pose the economic and financial barriers
[11].
• Easy cellular uptake of NPs through the biological barriers and cellular membranes can cause cellular dysfunction [12, 13].
• Carrier systems themselves may inflict the harms to the patient [14].
• Furthermore, owing to their unique characteristics, including high surface/volume ratios, nanomaterials are reactive or catalytic and thus can be possibly toxic.
• Show low biological half-life due to quick removal of NPs by the reticuloendothelial system (RES).
• Traces of residual organic solvents cause toxicity.
• Possibility of poor targeting.
25 Role of Nanoparticles in the Management of Metabolic Disorders