364
process and their physiological actions. Unluckily, human body is always exposed
to such EDCs which are ubiquitous in nature and move passively into human body
through various unavoidable routes. Among various known EDCs, the pharmaceuticals products could disrupt the endocrine system once they are discharged from
pharmaceutical industries or when they are used as medication to cure specific disease but they show non-selective off-target interaction with the endocrine system.
So these treatment–drugs become EDCs for those who are already patients and
worsen their conditions by impairing lipid and glucose metabolism causing insulin
resistance, weight gain, and obesity.
References
1. Henley DV, Korach KS. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals use distinct mechanisms of action to
modulate endocrine system function. Endocrinology. 2006;147(6):s25–32.
2. Rudel RA, Perovich LJ. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air. Atmos
Environ. 2009;43(1):170–81.
3. Heindel JJ, Newbold R, Schug TT. Endocrine disruptors and obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol.
2015;11(11):653–61.
4. Alonso-Magdalena P, Quesada I, Nadal A. Endocrine disruptors in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(6):346.
5. Swenne I. Pancreatic beta-cell growth and diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1992;35(3):193–201.
6. Izzedine H, Launay-Vacher V, Deybach C, Bourry E, Barrou B, Deray G. Drug-induced diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005;4(6):1097–109.
7. Verhaegen AA, Van Gaal LF. Drug-induced obesity and its metabolic consequences: a
review with a focus on mechanisms and possible therapeutic options. J Endocrinol Invest.
2017;40(11):1165–74.
8. Subramanian S, Trence DL. Immunosuppressive agents: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007;36(4):891–905.
9. Pereira MJ, Palming J, Rizell M, Aureliano M, Carvalho E, Svensson MK, et al. The immunosuppressive agents rapamycin, cyclosporin A and tacrolimus increase lipolysis, inhibit lipid
storage and alter expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in human adipose tissue.
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013;365(2):260–9.
10. Vegiopoulos A, Herzig S. Glucocorticoids, metabolism and metabolic diseases. Mol Cell
Endocrinol. 2007;275(1-2):43–61.
11. Alberti L, Girola A, Gilardini L, Conti A, Cattaldo S, Micheletto G, et al. Type 2 diabetes and
metabolic syndrome are associated with increased expression of 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in obese subjects. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31(12):1826–31.
12. Ruginsk S, Uchoa E, Elias L, Antunes-Rodrigues J. Cannabinoid CB 1 receptor mediates glucocorticoid effects on hormone secretion induced by volume and osmotic changes. Clin Exp
Pharmacol Physiol. 2012;39(2):151–4.
13. Wung PK, Anderson T, Fontaine KR, Hoffman GS, Specks U, Merkel PA, et al. Effects of
glucocorticoids on weight change during the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arthritis
Care Res. 2008;59(5):746–53.
14. Villarroya F, Domingo P, Giralt M. Drug-induced lipotoxicity: lipodystrophy associated with
HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral treatment. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Mol Cell
Biol Lipid. 2010;1801(3):392–9.
15. Murata H, Hruz PW, Mueckler M. The mechanism of insulin resistance caused by HIV protease inhibitor therapy. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(27):20251–4.
A. Hameed et al.
process and their physiological actions. Unluckily, human body is always exposed
to such EDCs which are ubiquitous in nature and move passively into human body
through various unavoidable routes. Among various known EDCs, the pharmaceuticals products could disrupt the endocrine system once they are discharged from
pharmaceutical industries or when they are used as medication to cure specific disease but they show non-selective off-target interaction with the endocrine system.
So these treatment–drugs become EDCs for those who are already patients and
worsen their conditions by impairing lipid and glucose metabolism causing insulin
resistance, weight gain, and obesity.
References
1. Henley DV, Korach KS. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals use distinct mechanisms of action to
modulate endocrine system function. Endocrinology. 2006;147(6):s25–32.
2. Rudel RA, Perovich LJ. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air. Atmos
Environ. 2009;43(1):170–81.
3. Heindel JJ, Newbold R, Schug TT. Endocrine disruptors and obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol.
2015;11(11):653–61.
4. Alonso-Magdalena P, Quesada I, Nadal A. Endocrine disruptors in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(6):346.
5. Swenne I. Pancreatic beta-cell growth and diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1992;35(3):193–201.
6. Izzedine H, Launay-Vacher V, Deybach C, Bourry E, Barrou B, Deray G. Drug-induced diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005;4(6):1097–109.
7. Verhaegen AA, Van Gaal LF. Drug-induced obesity and its metabolic consequences: a
review with a focus on mechanisms and possible therapeutic options. J Endocrinol Invest.
2017;40(11):1165–74.
8. Subramanian S, Trence DL. Immunosuppressive agents: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007;36(4):891–905.
9. Pereira MJ, Palming J, Rizell M, Aureliano M, Carvalho E, Svensson MK, et al. The immunosuppressive agents rapamycin, cyclosporin A and tacrolimus increase lipolysis, inhibit lipid
storage and alter expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in human adipose tissue.
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013;365(2):260–9.
10. Vegiopoulos A, Herzig S. Glucocorticoids, metabolism and metabolic diseases. Mol Cell
Endocrinol. 2007;275(1-2):43–61.
11. Alberti L, Girola A, Gilardini L, Conti A, Cattaldo S, Micheletto G, et al. Type 2 diabetes and
metabolic syndrome are associated with increased expression of 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in obese subjects. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31(12):1826–31.
12. Ruginsk S, Uchoa E, Elias L, Antunes-Rodrigues J. Cannabinoid CB 1 receptor mediates glucocorticoid effects on hormone secretion induced by volume and osmotic changes. Clin Exp
Pharmacol Physiol. 2012;39(2):151–4.
13. Wung PK, Anderson T, Fontaine KR, Hoffman GS, Specks U, Merkel PA, et al. Effects of
glucocorticoids on weight change during the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arthritis
Care Res. 2008;59(5):746–53.
14. Villarroya F, Domingo P, Giralt M. Drug-induced lipotoxicity: lipodystrophy associated with
HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral treatment. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Mol Cell
Biol Lipid. 2010;1801(3):392–9.
15. Murata H, Hruz PW, Mueckler M. The mechanism of insulin resistance caused by HIV protease inhibitor therapy. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(27):20251–4.
A. Hameed et al.