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Epileptic Disorders and Related Medications as EDCs
The diabetic neuropathy, migraines, and bipolar disorders, etc., are treated mainly
using antiepileptic medications. The use of topiramate, valpronate, and gabapentin
has been found to associate with the metabolic disorders. The low resting metabolic
rate of valpronate along with its long-term usage causes obesity and weight gain.
The high doses of gabapentin have also been expected to induce obesity but the
effects are less than the valpronate [21, 22].
Medications for Psychotic Disorders as EDCs
Both the first and second generation (atypical) antipsychotic medications are used
for the treatment of bipolar, depression, and schizophrenic patients. They have
widely been used to treat development disorders. However, the usage of first generation has lost its worth with the passage of time due to cognitive impairments, obesity, and weight gain issues. The underlying mechanistic steps for the induction of
metabolic disorders and weight gain by the antipsychotic medications are not well
known. The antipsychotic drugs like aripiprazole, ziprasidone, and risperidone
cause a little weight gain while olanzapine and clozapine treatments induce obesity
considerably [23]. The subjects receiving psychotic medications are prone to diabetes and obesity about two times than healthy ones. The body weight is regulated by
the activities at histamine-H, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin receptors.
The antipsychotics with more affinities with histamine-H 1 have shown association
with weight gain which may be related to insulin secretions [24]. Further, it has
been observed that the patients receiving atypical antipsychotic medications are
susceptible to hyperlipidemia in addition to glucose metabolic disorders and obesity, thus leading to cardiovascular risks [25, 26].
Medications for Hypertension as EDCs
The subjects suffering from hypertension and cardiovascular diseases generally
receive β-blockers or diuretic agents as medications. Both of these antihypertensive
agents cause disturbance in lipid metabolism and also induce glucose intolerance [27].
β-Blockers as Antihypertensive Agents
The β-blockers reduce the blood pressure by blocking adrenaline hormone. An
increase in triglycerides and decrease in HDL-cholesterol have been found associated with the usage of β 1 -selective and non-selective β-blockers. Further, the impairA. Hameed et al.
Epileptic Disorders and Related Medications as EDCs
The diabetic neuropathy, migraines, and bipolar disorders, etc., are treated mainly
using antiepileptic medications. The use of topiramate, valpronate, and gabapentin
has been found to associate with the metabolic disorders. The low resting metabolic
rate of valpronate along with its long-term usage causes obesity and weight gain.
The high doses of gabapentin have also been expected to induce obesity but the
effects are less than the valpronate [21, 22].
Medications for Psychotic Disorders as EDCs
Both the first and second generation (atypical) antipsychotic medications are used
for the treatment of bipolar, depression, and schizophrenic patients. They have
widely been used to treat development disorders. However, the usage of first generation has lost its worth with the passage of time due to cognitive impairments, obesity, and weight gain issues. The underlying mechanistic steps for the induction of
metabolic disorders and weight gain by the antipsychotic medications are not well
known. The antipsychotic drugs like aripiprazole, ziprasidone, and risperidone
cause a little weight gain while olanzapine and clozapine treatments induce obesity
considerably [23]. The subjects receiving psychotic medications are prone to diabetes and obesity about two times than healthy ones. The body weight is regulated by
the activities at histamine-H, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin receptors.
The antipsychotics with more affinities with histamine-H 1 have shown association
with weight gain which may be related to insulin secretions [24]. Further, it has
been observed that the patients receiving atypical antipsychotic medications are
susceptible to hyperlipidemia in addition to glucose metabolic disorders and obesity, thus leading to cardiovascular risks [25, 26].
Medications for Hypertension as EDCs
The subjects suffering from hypertension and cardiovascular diseases generally
receive β-blockers or diuretic agents as medications. Both of these antihypertensive
agents cause disturbance in lipid metabolism and also induce glucose intolerance [27].
β-Blockers as Antihypertensive Agents
The β-blockers reduce the blood pressure by blocking adrenaline hormone. An
increase in triglycerides and decrease in HDL-cholesterol have been found associated with the usage of β 1 -selective and non-selective β-blockers. Further, the impairA. Hameed et al.