353
tion against cigarette/tobacco use that can further improve the patient’s outcome by
using appropriate strategies.
Acknowledgements This work has been financially supported by the research grant (6429/
Punjab/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2016) received from Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan.
Conflict of Interest Nothing to declare.
References
1. Abdel Fattah S, Rizk A-E, Motawie A, Abd El-Galil T, El Sebaie M. Effects of nicotine on rat
adrenal gland: crosstalk between oxidative and inflammatory markers, and amelioration by
melatonin. Biotech Histochem. 2019;94(4):234–43.
2. Darbre PD. What are endocrine disrupters and where are they found? In: Endocrine disruption
and human health. Saint Louis: Elsevier; 2015. p. 3–26.
3. Papalou O, Kandaraki EA, Papadakis G, Diamanti-Kandarakis E. Endocrine disrupting
chemicals: an occult mediator of metabolic disease. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10. https://doi.
org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00112.
4. WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2015: raising taxes on tobacco. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2015.
5. Eriksen M, Mackay J, Schluger N, Gomeshtapeh F, Drope J. The tobacco atlas. 5th ed.
American Cancer Society: Atlanta; 2015.
6. Khubaib MU, Shahid ZY, Lodhi SK, Malik H, Jan, MM. Prevalence and associated factors
of smoking among final year medical students: a multicentric survey from Pakistan. Cureus.
2016;8(7). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.701.
7. Dietz WH. The response of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the obesity
epidemic. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 2015;36:575–96.
8. Agirbasli M, Tanrikulu AM, Berenson GS. Metabolic syndrome: bridging the gap from childhood to adulthood. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2016;34(1):30–6.
9. Prestmo MK. How is the leading tobacco firm adjusting to the sustainable development goals
sdg# 3 good health and well-being-reduced risk products and the Public Health Potential in
Norway and in England. NTNU; 2018.
10. Bedi G, Hao X, Van Dam NT, Cooper ZD, Rubin E, Vadhan NP, et al. Social motivational processing and interpersonal function in aging cocaine smokers. Addict Biol. 2019;24(5):1044–55.
11. Reitsma MB, Fullman N, Ng M, Salama JS, Abajobir A, Abate KH, et al. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic
analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2017;389(10082):1885–906.
12. Zhang Y, Moran AE. Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among young adults in the United States, 1999 to 2014. Hypertension. 2017;70(4):736–42.
13. Saqib MAN, Rafique I, Qureshi H, Munir MA, Bashir R, Arif BW, et al. Burden of
tobacco in Pakistan: findings from global adult tobacco survey 2014. Nicotine Tob Res.
2017;20(9):1138–43.
14. Lempert LK, Glantz S. Packaging colour research by tobacco companies: the pack as a product
characteristic. Tob Control. 2017;26(3):307–15.
15. Tsai J, Homa DM, Gentzke AS, Mahoney M, Sharapova SR, Sosnoff CS, et al. Exposure to
secondhand smoke among nonsmokers—United States, 1988–2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.
2018;67(48):1342.
16. Health UDo, Services H. The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: a report
of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health
Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014.
20 Tobacco Smoking as an EDC in Metabolic Disorders
tion against cigarette/tobacco use that can further improve the patient’s outcome by
using appropriate strategies.
Acknowledgements This work has been financially supported by the research grant (6429/
Punjab/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2016) received from Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan.
Conflict of Interest Nothing to declare.
References
1. Abdel Fattah S, Rizk A-E, Motawie A, Abd El-Galil T, El Sebaie M. Effects of nicotine on rat
adrenal gland: crosstalk between oxidative and inflammatory markers, and amelioration by
melatonin. Biotech Histochem. 2019;94(4):234–43.
2. Darbre PD. What are endocrine disrupters and where are they found? In: Endocrine disruption
and human health. Saint Louis: Elsevier; 2015. p. 3–26.
3. Papalou O, Kandaraki EA, Papadakis G, Diamanti-Kandarakis E. Endocrine disrupting
chemicals: an occult mediator of metabolic disease. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10. https://doi.
org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00112.
4. WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2015: raising taxes on tobacco. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2015.
5. Eriksen M, Mackay J, Schluger N, Gomeshtapeh F, Drope J. The tobacco atlas. 5th ed.
American Cancer Society: Atlanta; 2015.
6. Khubaib MU, Shahid ZY, Lodhi SK, Malik H, Jan, MM. Prevalence and associated factors
of smoking among final year medical students: a multicentric survey from Pakistan. Cureus.
2016;8(7). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.701.
7. Dietz WH. The response of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the obesity
epidemic. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 2015;36:575–96.
8. Agirbasli M, Tanrikulu AM, Berenson GS. Metabolic syndrome: bridging the gap from childhood to adulthood. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2016;34(1):30–6.
9. Prestmo MK. How is the leading tobacco firm adjusting to the sustainable development goals
sdg# 3 good health and well-being-reduced risk products and the Public Health Potential in
Norway and in England. NTNU; 2018.
10. Bedi G, Hao X, Van Dam NT, Cooper ZD, Rubin E, Vadhan NP, et al. Social motivational processing and interpersonal function in aging cocaine smokers. Addict Biol. 2019;24(5):1044–55.
11. Reitsma MB, Fullman N, Ng M, Salama JS, Abajobir A, Abate KH, et al. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic
analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2017;389(10082):1885–906.
12. Zhang Y, Moran AE. Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among young adults in the United States, 1999 to 2014. Hypertension. 2017;70(4):736–42.
13. Saqib MAN, Rafique I, Qureshi H, Munir MA, Bashir R, Arif BW, et al. Burden of
tobacco in Pakistan: findings from global adult tobacco survey 2014. Nicotine Tob Res.
2017;20(9):1138–43.
14. Lempert LK, Glantz S. Packaging colour research by tobacco companies: the pack as a product
characteristic. Tob Control. 2017;26(3):307–15.
15. Tsai J, Homa DM, Gentzke AS, Mahoney M, Sharapova SR, Sosnoff CS, et al. Exposure to
secondhand smoke among nonsmokers—United States, 1988–2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.
2018;67(48):1342.
16. Health UDo, Services H. The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: a report
of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health
Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014.
20 Tobacco Smoking as an EDC in Metabolic Disorders