336
Enzymatic Tests
Different kinds of enzymatic tests are used to analyze both qualitative and quantitative effect of PAHs, such as Western blotting, mass spectrometry, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. Western blot and ELISA are the
most commonly used tests to quantify the effect of PAHs on the marker proteins,
especially the endocrine disruptors PAHs [92].
In Vivo Assays
In vivo test results are different and considered more efficient compared to in vitro
studies because of the involvement of biological environment and the direct interaction of metabolic enzymes. A variety of biological in vivo test are used to check the
effect of PAHs on various organ systems. Xenograft mouse model is widely used to
check the carcinogenic metastatic properties of particles containing PAHs as major
component. Biological activities associated with the PAHs exposure such as hyperplasia and metaplasia of different cells and toxicity of different organs are evaluated
through tissues and serum obtained. Chick embryo-toxicity test (CHEST) is used to
check the toxicity, mutagenicity, transgenic transformation, and embryonic mortality from parents to offspring when exposed for long time to crude tar, diesel exhaust
fumes containing various PAHs components. Invertebrates such as earthworm,
nematodes, amphibians, polychaetes, water snails, etc. survival rates are used to
evaluate the toxic and cytopathic effect of PAHs from manufacturing gas plant sites,
sediments of wetlands near highways, and seawater contaminated with powdered
waste coal [38].
Conclusion
Air, soil, and water are the main sources of PAHs deposition, resulted as an outcome
of different natural or accidental activities on the surface of earth which are divided
on the basis of their biological activity and social impact. PAHs can act as endocrinedisrupting chemicals and thus affect the normal body process which even results in
obesity, toxicity, and carcinogenesis. Time of exposure and route of entry are the
two main factors that determine the underlying consequences of PAHs. Both in vitro
and in vivo assays are used to check the presence as well as the quantity of PAHs in
different samples.
Conflict of Interest All the authors have declared no conflict of interest.
A. Khan et al.
Enzymatic Tests
Different kinds of enzymatic tests are used to analyze both qualitative and quantitative effect of PAHs, such as Western blotting, mass spectrometry, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. Western blot and ELISA are the
most commonly used tests to quantify the effect of PAHs on the marker proteins,
especially the endocrine disruptors PAHs [92].
In Vivo Assays
In vivo test results are different and considered more efficient compared to in vitro
studies because of the involvement of biological environment and the direct interaction of metabolic enzymes. A variety of biological in vivo test are used to check the
effect of PAHs on various organ systems. Xenograft mouse model is widely used to
check the carcinogenic metastatic properties of particles containing PAHs as major
component. Biological activities associated with the PAHs exposure such as hyperplasia and metaplasia of different cells and toxicity of different organs are evaluated
through tissues and serum obtained. Chick embryo-toxicity test (CHEST) is used to
check the toxicity, mutagenicity, transgenic transformation, and embryonic mortality from parents to offspring when exposed for long time to crude tar, diesel exhaust
fumes containing various PAHs components. Invertebrates such as earthworm,
nematodes, amphibians, polychaetes, water snails, etc. survival rates are used to
evaluate the toxic and cytopathic effect of PAHs from manufacturing gas plant sites,
sediments of wetlands near highways, and seawater contaminated with powdered
waste coal [38].
Conclusion
Air, soil, and water are the main sources of PAHs deposition, resulted as an outcome
of different natural or accidental activities on the surface of earth which are divided
on the basis of their biological activity and social impact. PAHs can act as endocrinedisrupting chemicals and thus affect the normal body process which even results in
obesity, toxicity, and carcinogenesis. Time of exposure and route of entry are the
two main factors that determine the underlying consequences of PAHs. Both in vitro
and in vivo assays are used to check the presence as well as the quantity of PAHs in
different samples.
Conflict of Interest All the authors have declared no conflict of interest.
A. Khan et al.