315
PFAS. Besides of it, PPAR α/γ is considered as major target of these chemical substances accountable for the disruption of glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition
to the human, they are also taken as major thread to aquatic life owing to their massive accumulation in water bodies.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest for this book
chapter.
References
1. Banks RE, Smart BE, Tatlow J. Organofluorine chemistry: principles and commercial applications. New York: Springer Science & Business Media; 2013.
2. Baran JR. In: Kissa E, editor. Fluorinated surfactants and repellents: revised and expanded
surfactant science series, vol. 97. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2001. xiv+ 616 pp. $195.00.
ISBN 0-8247-0472-X. ACS Publications; 2001.
3. Giesy JP, Kannan K. Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ Sci
Technol. 2001;35(7):1339–42.
4. Hekster F, de Voogt P, Pijnenburg A, Laane R. Perfluoroalkylated substances: aquatic environmental assessment report RIKZ/2002.043. The Hague: National Institute for Coastal and
Marine Management (RIKZ); 2002.
5. Hekster FM, Laane RW, de Voogt P. Environmental and toxicity effects of perfluoroalkylated substances. In: Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. New York:
Springer; 2003. p. 99–121.
6. De Voogt P, Berger U, de Coen W, de Wolf W, Heimstad E, McLachlan M, et al. PERFORCE:
perfluorinated organic compounds in the European environment. Organohalogen Compd.
2007;69:153–6.
7. Nations U. Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change.
Bonn: United Nations Climate Change Secretariat; 1998.
8. Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, De Voogt P, et al. Perfluoroalkyl
and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2011;7(4):513–41.
9. Wang Z, Cousins IT, Scheringer M, Hungerbuehler K. Hazard assessment of fluorinated
alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their precursors: status quo,
ongoing challenges and possible solutions. Environ Int. 2015;75:172–9.
10. Butt CM, Muir DC, Mabury SA. Biotransformation pathways of fluorotelomer-based polyfluoroalkyl substances: a review. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2014;33(2):243–67.
11. Young CJ, Mabury SA. Atmospheric perfluorinated acid precursors: chemistry, occurrence, and impacts. In: Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol. 208.
New York: Springer; 2010. p. 1–109.
12. Pickard HM, Criscitiello AS, Spencer C, Sharp MJ, Muir DC, Silva AOD, et al. Continuous
non-marine inputs of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the High Arctic: a multi-decadal
temporal record. Atmos Chem Phys. 2018;18(7):5045–58.
13. Haug LS, Huber S, Becher G, Thomsen C. Characterisation of human exposure pathways
to perfluorinated compounds—comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure.
Environ Int. 2011;37(4):687–93.
14. Vestergren R, Cousins IT. Tracking the pathways of human exposure to perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43(15):5565–75.
15. Prevedouros K, Cousins IT, Buck RC, Korzeniowski SH. Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40(1):32–44.
18 Role of Perfluoroalkyl Substances as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders
PFAS. Besides of it, PPAR α/γ is considered as major target of these chemical substances accountable for the disruption of glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition
to the human, they are also taken as major thread to aquatic life owing to their massive accumulation in water bodies.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest for this book
chapter.
References
1. Banks RE, Smart BE, Tatlow J. Organofluorine chemistry: principles and commercial applications. New York: Springer Science & Business Media; 2013.
2. Baran JR. In: Kissa E, editor. Fluorinated surfactants and repellents: revised and expanded
surfactant science series, vol. 97. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2001. xiv+ 616 pp. $195.00.
ISBN 0-8247-0472-X. ACS Publications; 2001.
3. Giesy JP, Kannan K. Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ Sci
Technol. 2001;35(7):1339–42.
4. Hekster F, de Voogt P, Pijnenburg A, Laane R. Perfluoroalkylated substances: aquatic environmental assessment report RIKZ/2002.043. The Hague: National Institute for Coastal and
Marine Management (RIKZ); 2002.
5. Hekster FM, Laane RW, de Voogt P. Environmental and toxicity effects of perfluoroalkylated substances. In: Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. New York:
Springer; 2003. p. 99–121.
6. De Voogt P, Berger U, de Coen W, de Wolf W, Heimstad E, McLachlan M, et al. PERFORCE:
perfluorinated organic compounds in the European environment. Organohalogen Compd.
2007;69:153–6.
7. Nations U. Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change.
Bonn: United Nations Climate Change Secretariat; 1998.
8. Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, De Voogt P, et al. Perfluoroalkyl
and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2011;7(4):513–41.
9. Wang Z, Cousins IT, Scheringer M, Hungerbuehler K. Hazard assessment of fluorinated
alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their precursors: status quo,
ongoing challenges and possible solutions. Environ Int. 2015;75:172–9.
10. Butt CM, Muir DC, Mabury SA. Biotransformation pathways of fluorotelomer-based polyfluoroalkyl substances: a review. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2014;33(2):243–67.
11. Young CJ, Mabury SA. Atmospheric perfluorinated acid precursors: chemistry, occurrence, and impacts. In: Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol. 208.
New York: Springer; 2010. p. 1–109.
12. Pickard HM, Criscitiello AS, Spencer C, Sharp MJ, Muir DC, Silva AOD, et al. Continuous
non-marine inputs of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the High Arctic: a multi-decadal
temporal record. Atmos Chem Phys. 2018;18(7):5045–58.
13. Haug LS, Huber S, Becher G, Thomsen C. Characterisation of human exposure pathways
to perfluorinated compounds—comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure.
Environ Int. 2011;37(4):687–93.
14. Vestergren R, Cousins IT. Tracking the pathways of human exposure to perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43(15):5565–75.
15. Prevedouros K, Cousins IT, Buck RC, Korzeniowski SH. Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40(1):32–44.
18 Role of Perfluoroalkyl Substances as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders