309
Control (CDC) investigated that these hazardous compounds were present nearly in
all Americans [70–72]. Between 2000 and 2002, the core universal maker of PFASs
willingly stopped producing the basic chemical used in the manufacture of PFOS
[73]. Various programs were introduced by the USA to control the usage of plenty
of environmental PFASs, Stewardship Program was one of such programs implemented in 2006 to stop the long-chain PFASs production by 2015. Moreover, in
2009 PFOS was included in the Stockholm Convention’s record of worldwide
restricted Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
In Japan and other western countries, PFOA and PFOS exposure to humans has
been decreasing over the last 10 years [74, 75] because of these regulatory steps
taking into account the increase in dangerous effects on humans health [76].
Whereas, a rapid increase in the use of some other short-chain chemicals in place of
PFOA and PFOS that are very difficult to analyze by the use of standard methods
[77]. From animal experiments, it has been suggested that alternative PFASs are
equally dangerous [78]. Hence, considerable challenges must be faced by environmental health scientists to understand the importance of adverse exposure routes
and their effects on human health.
Role of PFASs in Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex state which is characterized by raised
level of blood glucose, abdominal obesity, abnormal lipid level, hypertension, and
insulin resistance; it is one of the major causes for stroke, cardiovascular diseases,
chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cancers [79, 80]. With
the increased rate of obesity, the incidence of MetS is rising [81]. In the past few
years, it has been observed that metabolic diseases have greater associations with
hereditary history and alterations in exercise, diet, and maturing, there is an extensive indication that environmental factors play a significant role in quickly increased
occurrence of obesity, T2DM, and other facets of MetS [82].
Environmental disrupting chemicals (EDCs) belong to one of the classes of
chemicals that are currently receiving much attention due to their property of interfering with metabolic hormones. These compounds are extensively being used in
consumer products. Exposure to these chemicals in critical periods is of particular
concern such as during differentiation of liver, adipocytes, pancreas, brain, etc. [83].
Obesity
Obesity is one of the world’s most common diseases that can affect adults, children,
and infants. In the past three decades, nearly double cases of diabetes have recorded
in the US population [84]. It has been observed that for the first time in human history the number of cases of obesity is greater than that of the underweight cases
18 Role of Perfluoroalkyl Substances as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders
Control (CDC) investigated that these hazardous compounds were present nearly in
all Americans [70–72]. Between 2000 and 2002, the core universal maker of PFASs
willingly stopped producing the basic chemical used in the manufacture of PFOS
[73]. Various programs were introduced by the USA to control the usage of plenty
of environmental PFASs, Stewardship Program was one of such programs implemented in 2006 to stop the long-chain PFASs production by 2015. Moreover, in
2009 PFOS was included in the Stockholm Convention’s record of worldwide
restricted Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
In Japan and other western countries, PFOA and PFOS exposure to humans has
been decreasing over the last 10 years [74, 75] because of these regulatory steps
taking into account the increase in dangerous effects on humans health [76].
Whereas, a rapid increase in the use of some other short-chain chemicals in place of
PFOA and PFOS that are very difficult to analyze by the use of standard methods
[77]. From animal experiments, it has been suggested that alternative PFASs are
equally dangerous [78]. Hence, considerable challenges must be faced by environmental health scientists to understand the importance of adverse exposure routes
and their effects on human health.
Role of PFASs in Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex state which is characterized by raised
level of blood glucose, abdominal obesity, abnormal lipid level, hypertension, and
insulin resistance; it is one of the major causes for stroke, cardiovascular diseases,
chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cancers [79, 80]. With
the increased rate of obesity, the incidence of MetS is rising [81]. In the past few
years, it has been observed that metabolic diseases have greater associations with
hereditary history and alterations in exercise, diet, and maturing, there is an extensive indication that environmental factors play a significant role in quickly increased
occurrence of obesity, T2DM, and other facets of MetS [82].
Environmental disrupting chemicals (EDCs) belong to one of the classes of
chemicals that are currently receiving much attention due to their property of interfering with metabolic hormones. These compounds are extensively being used in
consumer products. Exposure to these chemicals in critical periods is of particular
concern such as during differentiation of liver, adipocytes, pancreas, brain, etc. [83].
Obesity
Obesity is one of the world’s most common diseases that can affect adults, children,
and infants. In the past three decades, nearly double cases of diabetes have recorded
in the US population [84]. It has been observed that for the first time in human history the number of cases of obesity is greater than that of the underweight cases
18 Role of Perfluoroalkyl Substances as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders