307
PFASs is the biggest one for the human body exposure to these dangerous chemicals whether it is indoor or ambient air inhalation, contaminated food intake, drinking polluted water or direct contact with PFC containing goods [51]. Moreover,
workplace exposure to these substances may also contribute. Perhaps it depends
upon the exposure circumstances which are more important. Serum samples and
matched daily diet studies in Japan revealed that only PFOA and PFOS were noticeable in the diet. 23% of the PFAS in serum was detected in the diet in the megacity
Osaka, while in a small rural area 100% PFAS was calculated in diet [52].
Occurrence in Products
In past studies, fluorotelomer alcohols were analyzed in less textile goods for kids
than 8:2 FTOH and 10:2 FTOH, usually in fewer concentrations and particularly the
amount of 4:2 FTOH was less than detectable limits in all researches. In 2014
Dreyer collected 16 outdoor samples from gloves and jackets, all the samples had
PFAS. Out of 16 samples, 14 contained PFOA, 13 had PFHxA, and 10 contained
PFBA/PFDA. PFASs concentration for the individual samples was in the range of
0.1 and 11 μg/m, FTAs and FTOHs were found in all investigated samples. Volatile
PFAS concentrations were 100 times higher than that of perfluoroalkyl acids.
Concentrations of FTOH were highest in most of the samples. It was observed that
at room temperature all the outdoor jackets emitted volatile PFAS which indicated
that such products are important sources of PFAS, more importantly for indoor
atmosphere FTOHs.
Accordingly, the rates of PFAS contents emission were also different for different compounds. 6:2 FTOH showed the highest emission rates (up to 9200 ng 6:2
FTOH/d). 2–16 μg PFHxA/m2 was extracted from mixed textile samples [52]. In
kids jackets, 6:2 FTOH was dominant PFAS and it was extracted in amount 19 μg/
m
2
[53]. In previous Norwegian research of impregnating agents, the most dominant
PFASs were PFBA, 6:2 FTOH, and PFHxA. 4:2 FTOH, PFPS, 6:2 FT (U)CA,
PFHxS, and 6:2 FTS were found in less than detection limits. Concentrations of
extracted PFAS from 5 impregnation agents are as follows:
6:2FTOH = 535–13.250 μg/L, PFBA = 75–142 μg/L, and PFHxA = 23–25 μg/L [54].
Some PFASs, for example, polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are also
used in the production of personal care products such as manicure, sun cream, foundation, and lip rouge. PAPs is broken down into PFCAs and these chemicals can be
found in commercial products [55].
Human Exposure
Humans are exposed to the PFAS by drinking polluted water, ingestion of contaminated seafood, inhalation of infected indoor air, and making contact with contaminated media of any kind [56]. Because of the attractive oil and water repulsive
18 Role of Perfluoroalkyl Substances as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders
PFASs is the biggest one for the human body exposure to these dangerous chemicals whether it is indoor or ambient air inhalation, contaminated food intake, drinking polluted water or direct contact with PFC containing goods [51]. Moreover,
workplace exposure to these substances may also contribute. Perhaps it depends
upon the exposure circumstances which are more important. Serum samples and
matched daily diet studies in Japan revealed that only PFOA and PFOS were noticeable in the diet. 23% of the PFAS in serum was detected in the diet in the megacity
Osaka, while in a small rural area 100% PFAS was calculated in diet [52].
Occurrence in Products
In past studies, fluorotelomer alcohols were analyzed in less textile goods for kids
than 8:2 FTOH and 10:2 FTOH, usually in fewer concentrations and particularly the
amount of 4:2 FTOH was less than detectable limits in all researches. In 2014
Dreyer collected 16 outdoor samples from gloves and jackets, all the samples had
PFAS. Out of 16 samples, 14 contained PFOA, 13 had PFHxA, and 10 contained
PFBA/PFDA. PFASs concentration for the individual samples was in the range of
0.1 and 11 μg/m, FTAs and FTOHs were found in all investigated samples. Volatile
PFAS concentrations were 100 times higher than that of perfluoroalkyl acids.
Concentrations of FTOH were highest in most of the samples. It was observed that
at room temperature all the outdoor jackets emitted volatile PFAS which indicated
that such products are important sources of PFAS, more importantly for indoor
atmosphere FTOHs.
Accordingly, the rates of PFAS contents emission were also different for different compounds. 6:2 FTOH showed the highest emission rates (up to 9200 ng 6:2
FTOH/d). 2–16 μg PFHxA/m2 was extracted from mixed textile samples [52]. In
kids jackets, 6:2 FTOH was dominant PFAS and it was extracted in amount 19 μg/
m
2
[53]. In previous Norwegian research of impregnating agents, the most dominant
PFASs were PFBA, 6:2 FTOH, and PFHxA. 4:2 FTOH, PFPS, 6:2 FT (U)CA,
PFHxS, and 6:2 FTS were found in less than detection limits. Concentrations of
extracted PFAS from 5 impregnation agents are as follows:
6:2FTOH = 535–13.250 μg/L, PFBA = 75–142 μg/L, and PFHxA = 23–25 μg/L [54].
Some PFASs, for example, polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are also
used in the production of personal care products such as manicure, sun cream, foundation, and lip rouge. PAPs is broken down into PFCAs and these chemicals can be
found in commercial products [55].
Human Exposure
Humans are exposed to the PFAS by drinking polluted water, ingestion of contaminated seafood, inhalation of infected indoor air, and making contact with contaminated media of any kind [56]. Because of the attractive oil and water repulsive
18 Role of Perfluoroalkyl Substances as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders