292
Conclusion
It is necessary to answer with scientifically proven facts to problems of pollution.
National agriculture policies should be formulated that encourage and insist farmers
to use ecofriendly alternative strategies to control pests such as organic farming.
Agriculture policies like (1) assessment of pesticide’s role in environmental pollution (2) development of pest resistant crops through genetic engineering or biotechnology (3) new integrated approaches to control pests are required to limit the uses
of pesticides. One another alternative of pesticide is to use natural pesticides (limonene, pyrethrum), inorganic materials (diatomaceous earth, boric acid), biological
agents (parasites, microorganisms). These strategies are assumed to be noxious for
both humans as well as environments.
References
1. Schröder J, Scholefield D, Cabral F, Hofman G. The effects of nutrient losses from agriculture on ground and surface water quality: the position of science in developing indicators for
regulation. Environ Sci Pol. 2004;7(1):15–23.
2. Camargo JA, Alonso Á. Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution
in aquatic ecosystems: a global assessment. Environ Int. 2006;32(6):831–49.
3. Jabłońska-Trypuć A. Pesticides as inducers of oxidative stress. React Oxygen Species.
2017;3(8):96–110.
4. Carvalho FP. Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety. Environ Sci Pol. 2006;
9(7–8):685–92.
5. Gilden RC, Huffling K, Sattler B. Pesticides and health risks. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal
Nurs. 2010;39(1):103–10.
6. Gore AC, Crews D, Doan LL, La Merrill M, Patisaul H, Zota A. Introduction to endocrine
disrupting chemicals (EDCs). A guide for public interest organizations and policy-makers.
Washington: Endocrine Society; 2014. p. 21–2.
7. Costa LG. Toxicology of pesticides: a brief history. Toxicology of pesticides. Berlin:
Springer; 1987. p. 1–10.
8. Mahmood I, Imadi SR, Shazadi K, Gul A, Hakeem KR. Effects of pesticides on environment.
In: Plant, soil and microbes. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 253–69.
9. Bretschneider T, Fischer R, Nauen R, Lamberth C, Dinges J. Tetronic acid insecticides and
acaricides inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In: Lamberth C, Dinges J, editors. Bioactive
heterocyclic compound classes: agrochemicals. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2012.
10. Ross P, Fillols E. Weed management in sugarcane manual. Indooroopilly: Sugar Research
Australia Limited; 2017.
11. Bao L-J, Maruya KA, Snyder SA, Zeng EY. China’s water pollution by persistent organic
pollutants. Environ Pollut. 2012;163:100–8.
12. Wohlfahrt-Veje C, Andersen HR, Schmidt I, Aksglaede L, Sørensen K, Juul A, et al. Early
breast development in girls after prenatal exposure to non-persistent pesticides. Int J Androl.
2012;35(3):273–82.
13. Solenkova NV, Newman JD, Berger JS, Thurston G, Hochman JS, Lamas GA. Metal pollutants and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and consequences of exposure. Am Heart J.
2014;168(6):812–22.
14. Al-Mamun A. Pesticide degradations, residues and environmental concerns. In: Pesticide
residue in foods. Heidelberg: Springer; 2017. p. 87–102.
S. Kamal et al.
Conclusion
It is necessary to answer with scientifically proven facts to problems of pollution.
National agriculture policies should be formulated that encourage and insist farmers
to use ecofriendly alternative strategies to control pests such as organic farming.
Agriculture policies like (1) assessment of pesticide’s role in environmental pollution (2) development of pest resistant crops through genetic engineering or biotechnology (3) new integrated approaches to control pests are required to limit the uses
of pesticides. One another alternative of pesticide is to use natural pesticides (limonene, pyrethrum), inorganic materials (diatomaceous earth, boric acid), biological
agents (parasites, microorganisms). These strategies are assumed to be noxious for
both humans as well as environments.
References
1. Schröder J, Scholefield D, Cabral F, Hofman G. The effects of nutrient losses from agriculture on ground and surface water quality: the position of science in developing indicators for
regulation. Environ Sci Pol. 2004;7(1):15–23.
2. Camargo JA, Alonso Á. Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution
in aquatic ecosystems: a global assessment. Environ Int. 2006;32(6):831–49.
3. Jabłońska-Trypuć A. Pesticides as inducers of oxidative stress. React Oxygen Species.
2017;3(8):96–110.
4. Carvalho FP. Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety. Environ Sci Pol. 2006;
9(7–8):685–92.
5. Gilden RC, Huffling K, Sattler B. Pesticides and health risks. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal
Nurs. 2010;39(1):103–10.
6. Gore AC, Crews D, Doan LL, La Merrill M, Patisaul H, Zota A. Introduction to endocrine
disrupting chemicals (EDCs). A guide for public interest organizations and policy-makers.
Washington: Endocrine Society; 2014. p. 21–2.
7. Costa LG. Toxicology of pesticides: a brief history. Toxicology of pesticides. Berlin:
Springer; 1987. p. 1–10.
8. Mahmood I, Imadi SR, Shazadi K, Gul A, Hakeem KR. Effects of pesticides on environment.
In: Plant, soil and microbes. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 253–69.
9. Bretschneider T, Fischer R, Nauen R, Lamberth C, Dinges J. Tetronic acid insecticides and
acaricides inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In: Lamberth C, Dinges J, editors. Bioactive
heterocyclic compound classes: agrochemicals. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2012.
10. Ross P, Fillols E. Weed management in sugarcane manual. Indooroopilly: Sugar Research
Australia Limited; 2017.
11. Bao L-J, Maruya KA, Snyder SA, Zeng EY. China’s water pollution by persistent organic
pollutants. Environ Pollut. 2012;163:100–8.
12. Wohlfahrt-Veje C, Andersen HR, Schmidt I, Aksglaede L, Sørensen K, Juul A, et al. Early
breast development in girls after prenatal exposure to non-persistent pesticides. Int J Androl.
2012;35(3):273–82.
13. Solenkova NV, Newman JD, Berger JS, Thurston G, Hochman JS, Lamas GA. Metal pollutants and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and consequences of exposure. Am Heart J.
2014;168(6):812–22.
14. Al-Mamun A. Pesticide degradations, residues and environmental concerns. In: Pesticide
residue in foods. Heidelberg: Springer; 2017. p. 87–102.
S. Kamal et al.