257
BPA has the capability to modulate the B cell proliferation and production of cytokines and some antibodies [39]. BPA is responsible for the non-specific immune
defense mechanism. BPA produces lymphocytes with a higher concentration of
immunoglobulin A and also immunoglobulin G 2a [40]. Studies also show that
female mice exposed to BPA have more susceptibility for infection caused by the
influenza virus which causes a modulation in the immune system [41]. National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey shows that the concentration of BPA is
associated with cytomegalovirus antibody titers and a negative impact on the
immune functions of the human [42].
BPA Effect on DNA
BPA has the ability to damage DNA in the eukaryotic cell [25]. BPA has the ability
to cause modulation in histone phosphorylation which leads to genotoxicity in
intestinal cells, hepatoma cell and renal cell line of the human. But no genotoxic
effect is produced in the human [43]. Some studies show that BPA metabolites are
responsible for inducing the genotoxic effect. The metabolites of BPA such as BPAquinone has the ability to bind with DNA by a covalent bond [44]. Another study
also shows that BPA has the ability to bind with DNA and form an adduct with
nucleotide deoxyguanosine which proves that BPA acts as DNA mutagen [45].
BPA Effect on Adipocytes
Recent studies show that fat tissues produce hormones that are responsible for regulating the body metabolism and many processes. Fat cells produce leptin that has an
influence on the body weight by affecting the hypothalamus. It also has an effect on
the reproductive processes by influencing the mechanism of gonadotropins hormone [46]. Adiponectin is a hormone that is produced by the adipocytes involved in
the regulation of glucose intake in the cells [47]. An extensive number of chemicals
and growth factors cause modulation in the function of various hormones such as
insulin, glucocorticoids, catecholamines, thyroid hormone, estradiol, and other
chemical substances that have effect on estrogen activity [48]. Lipoprotein is a
major enzyme that is involved in the regulation of lipids. The lipoprotein is regulated by estrogen [49].
BPA and estradiol have equal potency to bind with the receptors that are present
on the cell membrane and start the cascade of the reactions. BPA has been considered as selective estrogen receptor modulator [22].
BPA is responsible for increasing the activity of lipoprotein lipase and causes
accumulation of triacylglycerol. It happens due to the presence of larger droplets of
lipids in the differentiated cells [50]. BPA and insulin have the capability to interact
synergistically for the acceleration of this mechanism. BPA is also responsible for
16 Bisphenol A as an EDC in Metabolic Disorders
BPA has the capability to modulate the B cell proliferation and production of cytokines and some antibodies [39]. BPA is responsible for the non-specific immune
defense mechanism. BPA produces lymphocytes with a higher concentration of
immunoglobulin A and also immunoglobulin G 2a [40]. Studies also show that
female mice exposed to BPA have more susceptibility for infection caused by the
influenza virus which causes a modulation in the immune system [41]. National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey shows that the concentration of BPA is
associated with cytomegalovirus antibody titers and a negative impact on the
immune functions of the human [42].
BPA Effect on DNA
BPA has the ability to damage DNA in the eukaryotic cell [25]. BPA has the ability
to cause modulation in histone phosphorylation which leads to genotoxicity in
intestinal cells, hepatoma cell and renal cell line of the human. But no genotoxic
effect is produced in the human [43]. Some studies show that BPA metabolites are
responsible for inducing the genotoxic effect. The metabolites of BPA such as BPAquinone has the ability to bind with DNA by a covalent bond [44]. Another study
also shows that BPA has the ability to bind with DNA and form an adduct with
nucleotide deoxyguanosine which proves that BPA acts as DNA mutagen [45].
BPA Effect on Adipocytes
Recent studies show that fat tissues produce hormones that are responsible for regulating the body metabolism and many processes. Fat cells produce leptin that has an
influence on the body weight by affecting the hypothalamus. It also has an effect on
the reproductive processes by influencing the mechanism of gonadotropins hormone [46]. Adiponectin is a hormone that is produced by the adipocytes involved in
the regulation of glucose intake in the cells [47]. An extensive number of chemicals
and growth factors cause modulation in the function of various hormones such as
insulin, glucocorticoids, catecholamines, thyroid hormone, estradiol, and other
chemical substances that have effect on estrogen activity [48]. Lipoprotein is a
major enzyme that is involved in the regulation of lipids. The lipoprotein is regulated by estrogen [49].
BPA and estradiol have equal potency to bind with the receptors that are present
on the cell membrane and start the cascade of the reactions. BPA has been considered as selective estrogen receptor modulator [22].
BPA is responsible for increasing the activity of lipoprotein lipase and causes
accumulation of triacylglycerol. It happens due to the presence of larger droplets of
lipids in the differentiated cells [50]. BPA and insulin have the capability to interact
synergistically for the acceleration of this mechanism. BPA is also responsible for
16 Bisphenol A as an EDC in Metabolic Disorders