248
[41]. In additions to urine and blood samples, the phthalates can be detected in
many other fluids in woman including follicular fluid, amniotic fluid, cord blood
and saliva, thus suggests their capacity of penetration in whole body. This prevalence of phthalates in pregnant women could easily be transferred to fetus and cause
impaired neurodevelopment, psychomotor and behavioral issues, decreased IQ and
attention deficit, sex anomalies, and altered reproductive development [42, 43].
The alterations in the secretion levels of cytokines and phthalate-induced oxidative stress have been found to show association with allergies and asthma. The itchy
rashes, hay fever, wheezing, bronchitis, and chest infections are the direct allergic
responses of the high molecular weight phthalates [44, 45]. It has been considered
that the phthalates could cause breast, gastrointestinal, liver, and skin cancers; however, no such solid clue has been available in literature.
Conclusion
Phthalates are ubiquitous in nature and human beings are constantly exposed to it in
daily routine through food, inhalation, personal care products, clothing, and medication. Further, they can penetrate through almost all parts of body. The phthalates
or their metabolites act as agonist or antagonist ligands and disrupt the chemical
signaling of the endocrine hormones, thus are regarded as endocrine disrupting
chemicals. The impaired endocrinal signaling disturbs the normal physiological
functions in both genders including infants. Such abnormalities include sex anomalies, type II diabetes, overweight, and obesity. Considering the level of toxicity of
phthalates, the safer alternatives should be adopted at the urgent possible to save the
next generations from such deadly toxicants.
References
1. Net S, Sempéré R, Delmont A, Paluselli A, Ouddane B. Occurrence, fate, behavior and ecotoxicological state of phthalates in different environmental matrices. Environ Sci Technol.
2015;49(7):4019–35.
2. Ventrice P, Ventrice D, Russo E, De Sarro G. Phthalates: European regulation, chemistry, pharmacokinetic and related toxicity. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013;36(1):88–96.
3. Lovekamp-Swan T, Davis BJ. Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(2):139–45.
4. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(2):e33–e8.
5. Research
GV.
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/
phthalic-anhydride-market.
6. Serrano SE, Braun J, Trasande L, Dills R, Sathyanarayana S. Phthalates and diet: a review of
the food monitoring and epidemiology data. Environ Health. 2014;13(1):43.
7. Johns LE, Cooper GS, Galizia A, Meeker JD. Exposure assessment issues in epidemiology
studies of phthalates. Environ Int. 2015;85:27–39.
T. Farooq et al.
[41]. In additions to urine and blood samples, the phthalates can be detected in
many other fluids in woman including follicular fluid, amniotic fluid, cord blood
and saliva, thus suggests their capacity of penetration in whole body. This prevalence of phthalates in pregnant women could easily be transferred to fetus and cause
impaired neurodevelopment, psychomotor and behavioral issues, decreased IQ and
attention deficit, sex anomalies, and altered reproductive development [42, 43].
The alterations in the secretion levels of cytokines and phthalate-induced oxidative stress have been found to show association with allergies and asthma. The itchy
rashes, hay fever, wheezing, bronchitis, and chest infections are the direct allergic
responses of the high molecular weight phthalates [44, 45]. It has been considered
that the phthalates could cause breast, gastrointestinal, liver, and skin cancers; however, no such solid clue has been available in literature.
Conclusion
Phthalates are ubiquitous in nature and human beings are constantly exposed to it in
daily routine through food, inhalation, personal care products, clothing, and medication. Further, they can penetrate through almost all parts of body. The phthalates
or their metabolites act as agonist or antagonist ligands and disrupt the chemical
signaling of the endocrine hormones, thus are regarded as endocrine disrupting
chemicals. The impaired endocrinal signaling disturbs the normal physiological
functions in both genders including infants. Such abnormalities include sex anomalies, type II diabetes, overweight, and obesity. Considering the level of toxicity of
phthalates, the safer alternatives should be adopted at the urgent possible to save the
next generations from such deadly toxicants.
References
1. Net S, Sempéré R, Delmont A, Paluselli A, Ouddane B. Occurrence, fate, behavior and ecotoxicological state of phthalates in different environmental matrices. Environ Sci Technol.
2015;49(7):4019–35.
2. Ventrice P, Ventrice D, Russo E, De Sarro G. Phthalates: European regulation, chemistry, pharmacokinetic and related toxicity. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013;36(1):88–96.
3. Lovekamp-Swan T, Davis BJ. Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(2):139–45.
4. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(2):e33–e8.
5. Research
GV.
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/
phthalic-anhydride-market.
6. Serrano SE, Braun J, Trasande L, Dills R, Sathyanarayana S. Phthalates and diet: a review of
the food monitoring and epidemiology data. Environ Health. 2014;13(1):43.
7. Johns LE, Cooper GS, Galizia A, Meeker JD. Exposure assessment issues in epidemiology
studies of phthalates. Environ Int. 2015;85:27–39.
T. Farooq et al.