234
15. Sundkvist AM, Olofsson U, Haglund P. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers
in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk. J Environ Monit. 2010;12(4):943–51.
16. Legler J, Brouwer A. Are brominated flame retardants endocrine disruptors? Environ Int.
2003;29(6):879–85.
17. Lu S-Y, Hamerton I. Recent developments in the chemistry of halogen-free flame retardant
polymers. Prog Polym Sci. 2002;27(8):1661–712.
18. Chen L, Wang Y-Z. A review on flame retardant technology in China. Part I: development of
flame retardants. Polym Adv Technol. 2010;21(1):1–26.
19. Segev O, Kushmaro A, Brenner A. Environmental impact of flame retardants (persistence
and biodegradability). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009;6(2):478–91. https://doi.
org/10.3390/ijerph6020478.
20. Stapleton HM, Klosterhaus S, Eagle S, Fuh J, Meeker JD, Blum A, et al. Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and U.S. house dust. Environ Sci Technol.
2009;43(19):7490–5.
21. Levchik SV, Weil ED. Thermal decomposition, combustion and fire-retardancy of polyurethanes—a review of the recent literature. Polym Int. 2004;53(11):1585–610.
22. Chen Y, Wang Q, Yan W, Tang H. Preparation of flame retardant polyamide 6 composite with
melamine cyanurate nanoparticles in situ formed in extrusion process. Polym Degrad Stab.
2006;91(11):2632–43.
23. Troitzsch J. Overview of flame retardants. Chim Oggi. 1998;16(1–2):18–24.
24. Liu Z, Xu M, Wang Q, Li B. A novel durable flame retardant cotton fabric produced by
surface chemical grafting of phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing compounds. Cellulose.
2017;24(9):4069–81.
25. Ai L, Yang L, Hu J, Chen S, Zeng J, Liu P. Synergistic flame retardant effect of organic
phosphorus–nitrogen and inorganic boron flame retardant on polyethylene. Polym Eng Sci.
2019;60:414.
26. Li T-T, Xing M, Wang H, Huang S-Y, Fu C, Lou C-W, et al. Nitrogen/phosphorus synergistic
flame retardant-filled flexible polyurethane foams: microstructure, compressive stress, sound
absorption, and combustion resistance. RSC Adv. 2019;9(37):21192–201.
27. Rahimi-Aghdam T, Shariatinia Z, Hakkarainen M, Haddadi-Asl V. Nitrogen and phosphorous doped graphene quantum dots: excellent flame retardants and smoke suppressants for
polyacrylonitrile nanocomposites. J Hazard Mater. 2020;381:121013.
28. Ramazani SA, Rahimi A, Frounchi M, Radman S. Investigation of flame retardancy and
physical–mechanical properties of zinc borate and aluminum hydroxide propylene composites. Mater Des. 2008;29(5):1051–6.
29. Qu H, Wu W, Xie J, Xu J. Zinc hydroxystannate-coated metal hydroxides as flame retardant
and smoke suppression for flexible poly vinyl chloride. Fire Mater. 2009;33(4):201–10.
30. Kim S. Flame retardancy and smoke suppression of magnesium hydroxide filled polyethylene. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys. 2003;41(9):936–44.
31. Edenharter A, Feicht P, Diar-Bakerly B, Beyer G, Breu J. Superior flame retardant by combining high aspect ratio layered double hydroxide and graphene oxide. Polymer. 2016;91:41–9.
32. Chen H-B, Schiraldi DA. Flammability of polymer/clay aerogel composites: an overview.
Polym Rev. 2019;59(1):1–24.
33. Jose S, Shanmugam N, Das S, Kumar A, Pandit P. Coating of lightweight wool fabric with
nano clay for fire retardancy. J Text Inst. 2019;110(5):764–70.
34. Zhang W, Camino G, Yang R. Polymer/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites: an overview of fire retardance. Prog Polym Sci. 2017;67:77–125.
35. Liu H, Zhang B, Han J. Improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of
polyurethane foams with SiO2 microcapsule and its flame-retardant mechanism. Polym-Plast
Technol Eng. 2018;57(11):1139–49.
36. Rhys JA. Intumescent coatings and their uses. Fire Mater. 1980;4(3):154–6.
37. Wang JS, Wang DY, Liu Y, Ge XG, Wang YZ. Polyamide-enhanced flame retardancy of
ammonium polyphosphate on epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci. 2008;108(4):2644–53.
T. Hussain et al.
15. Sundkvist AM, Olofsson U, Haglund P. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers
in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk. J Environ Monit. 2010;12(4):943–51.
16. Legler J, Brouwer A. Are brominated flame retardants endocrine disruptors? Environ Int.
2003;29(6):879–85.
17. Lu S-Y, Hamerton I. Recent developments in the chemistry of halogen-free flame retardant
polymers. Prog Polym Sci. 2002;27(8):1661–712.
18. Chen L, Wang Y-Z. A review on flame retardant technology in China. Part I: development of
flame retardants. Polym Adv Technol. 2010;21(1):1–26.
19. Segev O, Kushmaro A, Brenner A. Environmental impact of flame retardants (persistence
and biodegradability). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009;6(2):478–91. https://doi.
org/10.3390/ijerph6020478.
20. Stapleton HM, Klosterhaus S, Eagle S, Fuh J, Meeker JD, Blum A, et al. Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and U.S. house dust. Environ Sci Technol.
2009;43(19):7490–5.
21. Levchik SV, Weil ED. Thermal decomposition, combustion and fire-retardancy of polyurethanes—a review of the recent literature. Polym Int. 2004;53(11):1585–610.
22. Chen Y, Wang Q, Yan W, Tang H. Preparation of flame retardant polyamide 6 composite with
melamine cyanurate nanoparticles in situ formed in extrusion process. Polym Degrad Stab.
2006;91(11):2632–43.
23. Troitzsch J. Overview of flame retardants. Chim Oggi. 1998;16(1–2):18–24.
24. Liu Z, Xu M, Wang Q, Li B. A novel durable flame retardant cotton fabric produced by
surface chemical grafting of phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing compounds. Cellulose.
2017;24(9):4069–81.
25. Ai L, Yang L, Hu J, Chen S, Zeng J, Liu P. Synergistic flame retardant effect of organic
phosphorus–nitrogen and inorganic boron flame retardant on polyethylene. Polym Eng Sci.
2019;60:414.
26. Li T-T, Xing M, Wang H, Huang S-Y, Fu C, Lou C-W, et al. Nitrogen/phosphorus synergistic
flame retardant-filled flexible polyurethane foams: microstructure, compressive stress, sound
absorption, and combustion resistance. RSC Adv. 2019;9(37):21192–201.
27. Rahimi-Aghdam T, Shariatinia Z, Hakkarainen M, Haddadi-Asl V. Nitrogen and phosphorous doped graphene quantum dots: excellent flame retardants and smoke suppressants for
polyacrylonitrile nanocomposites. J Hazard Mater. 2020;381:121013.
28. Ramazani SA, Rahimi A, Frounchi M, Radman S. Investigation of flame retardancy and
physical–mechanical properties of zinc borate and aluminum hydroxide propylene composites. Mater Des. 2008;29(5):1051–6.
29. Qu H, Wu W, Xie J, Xu J. Zinc hydroxystannate-coated metal hydroxides as flame retardant
and smoke suppression for flexible poly vinyl chloride. Fire Mater. 2009;33(4):201–10.
30. Kim S. Flame retardancy and smoke suppression of magnesium hydroxide filled polyethylene. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys. 2003;41(9):936–44.
31. Edenharter A, Feicht P, Diar-Bakerly B, Beyer G, Breu J. Superior flame retardant by combining high aspect ratio layered double hydroxide and graphene oxide. Polymer. 2016;91:41–9.
32. Chen H-B, Schiraldi DA. Flammability of polymer/clay aerogel composites: an overview.
Polym Rev. 2019;59(1):1–24.
33. Jose S, Shanmugam N, Das S, Kumar A, Pandit P. Coating of lightweight wool fabric with
nano clay for fire retardancy. J Text Inst. 2019;110(5):764–70.
34. Zhang W, Camino G, Yang R. Polymer/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites: an overview of fire retardance. Prog Polym Sci. 2017;67:77–125.
35. Liu H, Zhang B, Han J. Improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of
polyurethane foams with SiO2 microcapsule and its flame-retardant mechanism. Polym-Plast
Technol Eng. 2018;57(11):1139–49.
36. Rhys JA. Intumescent coatings and their uses. Fire Mater. 1980;4(3):154–6.
37. Wang JS, Wang DY, Liu Y, Ge XG, Wang YZ. Polyamide-enhanced flame retardancy of
ammonium polyphosphate on epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci. 2008;108(4):2644–53.
T. Hussain et al.