196
(ROS), peroxides and free radicals are found to be involved in a wide range of
pathological disorders such as neurodegeneration, ageing [90], heart disease and
diabetes [91, 92]. Nervous system, especially brain tissues are vulnerable to oxidative stress, this is because of prevalence of highly unsaturated fatty acids and high
metabolic turnover [93]. ROS has gained attention in functional food science and
methods has been developed for protection against ROS in health and nutrition for
many years [94]. While there is growing evidence that regulation of oxidative processes is necessary to control dangerous outcomes [95]. It is difficult to search for
substances that interact with ROS efficiently in situ. Many antioxidants like Vitamin
E can be effective against oxidative stress but also induce apoptosis. Therefore antiapoptosis drugs have gained attention to prevent neurodegenerative diseases [96].
Furan fatty acids may be used as radical scavengers in lipid peroxidation process
[97]. In addition, furanoids [98] were studied to inhibit b-amyloid aggregation,
while the anti-inflammatory activity of furan derivatives by COX-2 inhibition was
identified [99]. Furan as anti-apoptosis has been studied on C6 cell line of rat brain.
It was already determined that C6 cells are important in defensive mechanism and
responsive to injuries [100]. When these cells were exposed to furan fatty acids F6
(12,15-eposy-13,14-dimethyleicosa 12,14-dienoic acid), it is observed to protect
cell death due to oxidative stress.
Furan Metabolite Is Elevated in Diabetes and Induces
β-Cell Dysfunction
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition of resistance of insulin despite
no prior history of glucose intolerance in pregnant women and developed diabetes
during late pregnancy [101]. The cause of GDM is said to be significant decline in
b cells function, as these are not adapted to high metabolic demands [102]. Although
many studies have showed relationship between type 2 diabetes T2D and b cells,
and suggested that for development of diabetes developments metabolites may be
involved. GDM progresses to T2D and experiments were conducted to scree plasma
for identification of GDM causing factors. Metabolomics study of plasma revealed
that furan fatty acids metabolite 2-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2furanpropamoic
acid (CMPF) were raised in human plasma with GDM conditions and also cause
glucose tolerance [103].
Prevention and Removal Strategies of Furan from Food
As toxic substance, it was advised to mitigate furan harmful effects and for that
purpose two major approaches are used.
S. Muzammil et al.
(ROS), peroxides and free radicals are found to be involved in a wide range of
pathological disorders such as neurodegeneration, ageing [90], heart disease and
diabetes [91, 92]. Nervous system, especially brain tissues are vulnerable to oxidative stress, this is because of prevalence of highly unsaturated fatty acids and high
metabolic turnover [93]. ROS has gained attention in functional food science and
methods has been developed for protection against ROS in health and nutrition for
many years [94]. While there is growing evidence that regulation of oxidative processes is necessary to control dangerous outcomes [95]. It is difficult to search for
substances that interact with ROS efficiently in situ. Many antioxidants like Vitamin
E can be effective against oxidative stress but also induce apoptosis. Therefore antiapoptosis drugs have gained attention to prevent neurodegenerative diseases [96].
Furan fatty acids may be used as radical scavengers in lipid peroxidation process
[97]. In addition, furanoids [98] were studied to inhibit b-amyloid aggregation,
while the anti-inflammatory activity of furan derivatives by COX-2 inhibition was
identified [99]. Furan as anti-apoptosis has been studied on C6 cell line of rat brain.
It was already determined that C6 cells are important in defensive mechanism and
responsive to injuries [100]. When these cells were exposed to furan fatty acids F6
(12,15-eposy-13,14-dimethyleicosa 12,14-dienoic acid), it is observed to protect
cell death due to oxidative stress.
Furan Metabolite Is Elevated in Diabetes and Induces
β-Cell Dysfunction
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition of resistance of insulin despite
no prior history of glucose intolerance in pregnant women and developed diabetes
during late pregnancy [101]. The cause of GDM is said to be significant decline in
b cells function, as these are not adapted to high metabolic demands [102]. Although
many studies have showed relationship between type 2 diabetes T2D and b cells,
and suggested that for development of diabetes developments metabolites may be
involved. GDM progresses to T2D and experiments were conducted to scree plasma
for identification of GDM causing factors. Metabolomics study of plasma revealed
that furan fatty acids metabolite 2-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2furanpropamoic
acid (CMPF) were raised in human plasma with GDM conditions and also cause
glucose tolerance [103].
Prevention and Removal Strategies of Furan from Food
As toxic substance, it was advised to mitigate furan harmful effects and for that
purpose two major approaches are used.
S. Muzammil et al.