147
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
M. S. H. Akash et al. (eds.), Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals-induced
Metabolic Disorders and Treatment Strategies, Emerging Contaminants
and Associated Treatment Technologies,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45923-9_10
Chapter 10
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Induced
Childhood Obesity
Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Aisha Khokhar, Yusra Habib Khan,
Nasser Hadal Alotaibi, and Amjad Khan
Abstract Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are heterogenous compounds
that interfere with the conventional mechanism of endocrine system primarily
through disrupting release, transfer, and production of hormones. EDCs are predominately synthetic products that are extensively found in our food, daily use
products, and environment. The most commonly discovered EDCs include bisphenol A, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls, vinclozolin, and diethylstilbestrol.
Children are susceptible to EDCs in their early life through breast milk consumption, placental transfer, and direct oral route. Due to obesogenic property of EDCs,
they are capable to cause weight gain either through direct activation of adipocytes
or through indirect alterations. A strong linkage is reported to exist between EDCs
and childhood obesity. Bisphenol A has been broadly reported to be associated with
childhood obesity. EDCs impart childhood obesity through several mechanisms
including mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma (PPARγ), epigenetic mechanism (DNA methylation), and
estrogen receptor. The most common obesogenic EDCs include bisphenols, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls, parabens, organotin, and non-steroidal estrogens.
These obesogenic EDCs produce both short-term and long-term consequences on
the overall health of children resulting in cardiovascular diseases, psychological
disorders, liver diseases, breathing problems, diabetes (type 1 and 2), bone
T. H. Mallhi · Y. H. Khan (*) · N. H. Alotaibi
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University,
Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
A. Khokhar
Institute of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
A. Khan
Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
The original version of this chapter has been revised and is now available open access. A correction
to this chapter is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45923-9_29
, Corrected Publication 2021
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
M. S. H. Akash et al. (eds.), Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals-induced
Metabolic Disorders and Treatment Strategies, Emerging Contaminants
and Associated Treatment Technologies,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45923-9_10
Chapter 10
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Induced
Childhood Obesity
Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Aisha Khokhar, Yusra Habib Khan,
Nasser Hadal Alotaibi, and Amjad Khan
Abstract Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are heterogenous compounds
that interfere with the conventional mechanism of endocrine system primarily
through disrupting release, transfer, and production of hormones. EDCs are predominately synthetic products that are extensively found in our food, daily use
products, and environment. The most commonly discovered EDCs include bisphenol A, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls, vinclozolin, and diethylstilbestrol.
Children are susceptible to EDCs in their early life through breast milk consumption, placental transfer, and direct oral route. Due to obesogenic property of EDCs,
they are capable to cause weight gain either through direct activation of adipocytes
or through indirect alterations. A strong linkage is reported to exist between EDCs
and childhood obesity. Bisphenol A has been broadly reported to be associated with
childhood obesity. EDCs impart childhood obesity through several mechanisms
including mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma (PPARγ), epigenetic mechanism (DNA methylation), and
estrogen receptor. The most common obesogenic EDCs include bisphenols, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls, parabens, organotin, and non-steroidal estrogens.
These obesogenic EDCs produce both short-term and long-term consequences on
the overall health of children resulting in cardiovascular diseases, psychological
disorders, liver diseases, breathing problems, diabetes (type 1 and 2), bone
T. H. Mallhi · Y. H. Khan (*) · N. H. Alotaibi
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University,
Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
A. Khokhar
Institute of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
A. Khan
Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
The original version of this chapter has been revised and is now available open access. A correction
to this chapter is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45923-9_29
, Corrected Publication 2021