95
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
M. S. H. Akash et al. (eds.), Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals-induced
Metabolic Disorders and Treatment Strategies, Emerging Contaminants
and Associated Treatment Technologies,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45923-9_6
Chapter 6
Impaired Thyroid Function in Metabolic
Disorders
Yusra Habib Khan, Amna Saifullah, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Allah Bukhsh,
and Tahir Mehmood Khan
Abstract The tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are the two important thyroid hormones through which endocrine system controls the cellular and intracellular functions of body. In response to certain stimuli, the hypothalamic
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) governs the release of thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary. The thyroid hormones are synthesised by
the action of TSH on membrane receptors of thyroid cell follicle and regulated by
negative feedback effect of circulating T3 and T4 on anterior pituitary. Thyroid
hormones play their important role in growth, development and regulation of
metabolism in body. Alterations in normal regulation mechanisms of body in certain
metabolic disorders result in impaired thyroid function. Diminished thyroid activity
due to decreased production of thyroid hormones or tissue resistance is termed as
hypothyroidism. While hyperthyroidism is characterised by overactive thyroid
glands leading to increased production and secretion of thyroid hormones. Which
may result in a subsequent increase in metabolic rate of body. On the other hand,
impaired thyroid function may also result in metabolic abnormalities. Increased
Y. H. Khan · T. H. Mallhi (*)
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University,
Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
A. Saifullah
Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore-Gujrat Campus, Gujrat, Pakistan
A. Bukhsh
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
T. M. Khan
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
The original version of this chapter has been revised and is now available open access. A correction
to this chapter is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45923-9_29
, Corrected Publication 2021
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
M. S. H. Akash et al. (eds.), Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals-induced
Metabolic Disorders and Treatment Strategies, Emerging Contaminants
and Associated Treatment Technologies,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45923-9_6
Chapter 6
Impaired Thyroid Function in Metabolic
Disorders
Yusra Habib Khan, Amna Saifullah, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Allah Bukhsh,
and Tahir Mehmood Khan
Abstract The tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are the two important thyroid hormones through which endocrine system controls the cellular and intracellular functions of body. In response to certain stimuli, the hypothalamic
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) governs the release of thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary. The thyroid hormones are synthesised by
the action of TSH on membrane receptors of thyroid cell follicle and regulated by
negative feedback effect of circulating T3 and T4 on anterior pituitary. Thyroid
hormones play their important role in growth, development and regulation of
metabolism in body. Alterations in normal regulation mechanisms of body in certain
metabolic disorders result in impaired thyroid function. Diminished thyroid activity
due to decreased production of thyroid hormones or tissue resistance is termed as
hypothyroidism. While hyperthyroidism is characterised by overactive thyroid
glands leading to increased production and secretion of thyroid hormones. Which
may result in a subsequent increase in metabolic rate of body. On the other hand,
impaired thyroid function may also result in metabolic abnormalities. Increased
Y. H. Khan · T. H. Mallhi (*)
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University,
Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
A. Saifullah
Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore-Gujrat Campus, Gujrat, Pakistan
A. Bukhsh
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
T. M. Khan
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
The original version of this chapter has been revised and is now available open access. A correction
to this chapter is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45923-9_29
, Corrected Publication 2021