14.5 Conclusions
This chapter reviews some of the unusual relict features from
the earliest ancestral Great Lakes, including glacial and
periglacial, glaciolacustrine and lacustrine, and paleoindian
occupation sites. Many of these features represent Early
Lake Algonquin or Iroquois shorelines but some are from
Lake Nipissing. These features include relict solifluction
terraces and patterned ground, staircases of raised beaches,
inland dune fields, relict spits, uplifted deltas, potential
submerged archaeological sites, and wheel tracks of early
European settlers.
References
Arbogast, A.F., M.D. Luehmann, G.W. Monaghan, W.A. Lovis, and H.
Wang. 2017. Paleoenvironmental and geomorphic significance of
bluff-top dunes along the Au Sable river in northeastern Lower
Michigan, USA. Geomorphology 297: 112–121.
Gao, C. 2005. Ice-wedge casts in Late Wisconsinan glaciofluvial
deposits, southern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth
Sciences 42: 2117–2126.
Lusch, D.P., K.E. Stanley, R.J. Schaetzl, et al. 2009. Characterization
and mapping of patterned ground in the Saginaw Lowlands,
Michigan: possible evidence for Late-Wisconsin permafrost. Annals
of the Association of American Geographers 99: 445–466.
Morgan, A.. 1982. Distribution and probable age of relict permafrost
features in south-western Ontario. In Proceedings of the 4th
International Permafrost Conference, 91–100.
O’Shea, J.M., and G.A. Meadows. 2009. Evidence for early hunters
beneath the Great Lakes. In Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences 106: 10120–10123.
Schaetzl, R.J., F.J. Krist, Jr., C.F.M. Lewis, M.D. Luehmann, and M.
J. Michalek. 2016. Spits formed in Glacial Lake Algonquin indicate
strong easterly winds over the Laurentian Great Lakes during late
Pleistocene. Journal of Paleolimnology 55: 49–65.
Sly, P.G., and C.F.M. Lewis. 1972. The Great Lakes of Canada–
Quaternary geology and limnology. In XXIV International Geological Congress, Field Excursion A43 Guidebook, ed. D.J. Glass, 92
pp.
Sonnenburg, E.P., J.I. Boyce, and P. Suttak. 2012. Holocene
paleoshorelines, water levels and submerged prehistoric site potential of Rice Lake (Ontario, Canada). Journal of Archaeological
Science 39: 3553–3567.
Raphael, C.N., and E. Jaworski. 1982. The St. Clair delta. A unique
lake delta. The Geographical Bulletin 21:7–27.
Thomas, R.L., M.D. Christensen, E. Szalinska, and M. Scarlat. 2006.
Formation of the St. Clair river delta in the Laurentian Great Lakes
system. Journal of Great Lakes Research 32: 738–748.
Fig. 14.13 Wheel tracks from the Talbot Trail established in the 1820s near Palmyra, Ontario. The Talbot Trail extended from Fort Erie and
Niagara Falls in the east to Windsor in the west
14.5 Conclusions
159
This chapter reviews some of the unusual relict features from
the earliest ancestral Great Lakes, including glacial and
periglacial, glaciolacustrine and lacustrine, and paleoindian
occupation sites. Many of these features represent Early
Lake Algonquin or Iroquois shorelines but some are from
Lake Nipissing. These features include relict solifluction
terraces and patterned ground, staircases of raised beaches,
inland dune fields, relict spits, uplifted deltas, potential
submerged archaeological sites, and wheel tracks of early
European settlers.
References
Arbogast, A.F., M.D. Luehmann, G.W. Monaghan, W.A. Lovis, and H.
Wang. 2017. Paleoenvironmental and geomorphic significance of
bluff-top dunes along the Au Sable river in northeastern Lower
Michigan, USA. Geomorphology 297: 112–121.
Gao, C. 2005. Ice-wedge casts in Late Wisconsinan glaciofluvial
deposits, southern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth
Sciences 42: 2117–2126.
Lusch, D.P., K.E. Stanley, R.J. Schaetzl, et al. 2009. Characterization
and mapping of patterned ground in the Saginaw Lowlands,
Michigan: possible evidence for Late-Wisconsin permafrost. Annals
of the Association of American Geographers 99: 445–466.
Morgan, A.. 1982. Distribution and probable age of relict permafrost
features in south-western Ontario. In Proceedings of the 4th
International Permafrost Conference, 91–100.
O’Shea, J.M., and G.A. Meadows. 2009. Evidence for early hunters
beneath the Great Lakes. In Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences 106: 10120–10123.
Schaetzl, R.J., F.J. Krist, Jr., C.F.M. Lewis, M.D. Luehmann, and M.
J. Michalek. 2016. Spits formed in Glacial Lake Algonquin indicate
strong easterly winds over the Laurentian Great Lakes during late
Pleistocene. Journal of Paleolimnology 55: 49–65.
Sly, P.G., and C.F.M. Lewis. 1972. The Great Lakes of Canada–
Quaternary geology and limnology. In XXIV International Geological Congress, Field Excursion A43 Guidebook, ed. D.J. Glass, 92
pp.
Sonnenburg, E.P., J.I. Boyce, and P. Suttak. 2012. Holocene
paleoshorelines, water levels and submerged prehistoric site potential of Rice Lake (Ontario, Canada). Journal of Archaeological
Science 39: 3553–3567.
Raphael, C.N., and E. Jaworski. 1982. The St. Clair delta. A unique
lake delta. The Geographical Bulletin 21:7–27.
Thomas, R.L., M.D. Christensen, E. Szalinska, and M. Scarlat. 2006.
Formation of the St. Clair river delta in the Laurentian Great Lakes
system. Journal of Great Lakes Research 32: 738–748.
Fig. 14.13 Wheel tracks from the Talbot Trail established in the 1820s near Palmyra, Ontario. The Talbot Trail extended from Fort Erie and
Niagara Falls in the east to Windsor in the west
14.5 Conclusions
159