110
R. de Castro Sobrosa Neto et al.
Table 1 Green, blue and gray water footprint by types of animals and by-products for Brazil, China
and India (liters) per kilogram produced
Animal
products
Breeding
system
Brazil
China
India
Green Blue Gray Green Blue Gray Green Blue Gray
Beef
Pasture
23,729
150
16
16,140
0
0 25,913
0
0
Mixed
20,604
187
61
13,227 339
103 16,192
533
144
Industrial
8421
147 244
10,922 933 1234 12,412 1471
866
Weighted
average
19,228
178
82
12,795 495
398 15,537
722
288
Pork
Pasture
5482 1689 318
11,134 205
738
3732
391
325
Mixed
5109
828 316
5401 356
542
4068
893
390
Industrial
8184
215 525
3477 538
925
9236 2014 1021
Weighted
average
6080
749 379
5050 405
648
5415 1191
554
Chicken Pasture
6363
35 364
4695 448 1414 11,993 1536 1369
Mixed
4073
32 233
3005 297
905
7676
995
876
Industrial
3723
24 213
1940 195
584
3787
496
432
Weighted
average
4204
30 240
2836 281
854
6726
873
768
Eggs
Pasture
432
24
25
3952 375 1189 10,604 1360 1176
Mixed
257
24
15
2351 230
708
6309
815
699
Industrial
3625
28 213
2086 206
628
3611
472
400
Weighted
average
2737
27 161
2211 217
666
4888
635
542
Milk
Pasture
1046
22
7
1580 106
128
1185
105
34
Mixed
1254
42
36
897 147
213
863
132
65
Industrial
500
43
25
1488
76
56
444
61
100
Weighted
average
1149
33
22
927 145
210
885
130
63
Cheese
Pasture
5169
126
36
7812 540
633
5857
535
171
Mixed
6197
225 178
4432 742 1055
4267
666
320
Industrial
2471
227 124
7356 393
275
2196
315
493
Weighted
average
5681
178 107
4581 732 1036
4377
657
310
Source Adapted by the authors from [54] (2020)
of biodigesters. So, in the humanitarian context, the main links between energy and
food security are pointed out as challenges in guaranteeing access to energy for
approximately 3.1 billion people who live in low- and middle-income countries,
especially in remote and off-grid areas (Caniato et al. 2017).