195
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
P. B. Roös, Regenerative-Adaptive Design for Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development
Goals Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53234-5
Appendix 2
Patterns and Languages According to Borchers and Stark
As described in Chap. 10, the ‘notion of regenerative- adaptive patterns’ equation was developed
based on the fundamentals of Borchers’ (2000, 2001, 2008) and Stark’s (2012) equations for patterns.
A comparison of Borchers’ ‘notion of patterns’ equation and Stark’s ‘Improvisional patterns’ follows:
Pattern Languages According to Borchers (2000, 2001, 2008)
According to Borchers (2000, 2001, 2008), the notion of patterns in a pattern language, used in fields
of architecture, software design or sustainable innovation, will follow these formal principles:
Each pattern is a set p = {n, f ı …f i , s, e ı …e i } of a name n, forces f ı …f i , the solution s, and examples e ı …e i . It
describes a commonly encountered design problem and suggests a solution that has been proven useful in this
situation. A pattern language is a directed acyclic graph with each mode represents a pattern. There is a directed
edge from pattern p1 to p2 if p1 recruits p2 to complete its solution. Edges pointing away from a pattern are its
consequences, showing what lower levels of pattern need to be applied next. Edges pointing to a pattern are its
context, the situations in which it can be applied. This relationship establishes a hierarchy within the pattern
language. (Borchers, 2008; in Neis et al., 2012, p. 92).
To explain what pattern languages are made up of, Borchers (2000) noted that a pattern is a solution to a re-occurring design problem. The pattern pays special attention to the context within which
it is relevant. It considers the competing ‘forces’ that it needs to balance, and also the positive and
negative consequences as a result of its application. The pattern then references higher-level patterns
in the context in which it is applied, and lower-level ones that could be considered below the current
one to further assist in refining the solution (Borchers, 2001, p. 364). This hierarchical structure results
in a comprehensive collection of patterns into a pattern language.
The following section is an extract from Borchers (2000), providing the explanation of a typical
pattern language and a formal hypertext of a model of A Pattern Language (1977), as summarised in
the previous paragraph.
According to Borchers (2000, 2001) a formal description of patterns makes it less ambiguous for
the parties that participate in the design process or problem to decide what a pattern is supposed to
look like, according to its structure and content. It also makes it possible to design methods that help
designers in writing and readers in understanding the patterns. Explanation of the structure and content is as follows (Borchers, 2001, pp. 363–365):
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
P. B. Roös, Regenerative-Adaptive Design for Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development
Goals Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53234-5
Appendix 2
Patterns and Languages According to Borchers and Stark
As described in Chap. 10, the ‘notion of regenerative- adaptive patterns’ equation was developed
based on the fundamentals of Borchers’ (2000, 2001, 2008) and Stark’s (2012) equations for patterns.
A comparison of Borchers’ ‘notion of patterns’ equation and Stark’s ‘Improvisional patterns’ follows:
Pattern Languages According to Borchers (2000, 2001, 2008)
According to Borchers (2000, 2001, 2008), the notion of patterns in a pattern language, used in fields
of architecture, software design or sustainable innovation, will follow these formal principles:
Each pattern is a set p = {n, f ı …f i , s, e ı …e i } of a name n, forces f ı …f i , the solution s, and examples e ı …e i . It
describes a commonly encountered design problem and suggests a solution that has been proven useful in this
situation. A pattern language is a directed acyclic graph with each mode represents a pattern. There is a directed
edge from pattern p1 to p2 if p1 recruits p2 to complete its solution. Edges pointing away from a pattern are its
consequences, showing what lower levels of pattern need to be applied next. Edges pointing to a pattern are its
context, the situations in which it can be applied. This relationship establishes a hierarchy within the pattern
language. (Borchers, 2008; in Neis et al., 2012, p. 92).
To explain what pattern languages are made up of, Borchers (2000) noted that a pattern is a solution to a re-occurring design problem. The pattern pays special attention to the context within which
it is relevant. It considers the competing ‘forces’ that it needs to balance, and also the positive and
negative consequences as a result of its application. The pattern then references higher-level patterns
in the context in which it is applied, and lower-level ones that could be considered below the current
one to further assist in refining the solution (Borchers, 2001, p. 364). This hierarchical structure results
in a comprehensive collection of patterns into a pattern language.
The following section is an extract from Borchers (2000), providing the explanation of a typical
pattern language and a formal hypertext of a model of A Pattern Language (1977), as summarised in
the previous paragraph.
According to Borchers (2000, 2001) a formal description of patterns makes it less ambiguous for
the parties that participate in the design process or problem to decide what a pattern is supposed to
look like, according to its structure and content. It also makes it possible to design methods that help
designers in writing and readers in understanding the patterns. Explanation of the structure and content is as follows (Borchers, 2001, pp. 363–365):