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model can be applied to coastal communities to better appreciate and understand how the landscape
will change, in ecological and human contexts, and therefore inform their adaptive responses. This
model can inform the community’s potential and assist in establishing resilient coastal settlements in
a future changed climate.
10.6 The Regenerative-Adaptive Design Model
As described in Chap. 3, according to the most recent definition of adaptation issued by the IPCC
Working Group II, as well as Working Group III, 2014, the adaptation of natural systems is supported
by human intervention. The definition states that:
Adaptation is the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, human intervention may
facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects (IPCC, 2014b, p. 40).
When adaptation planning uses hazard and risk management process to plan and manage risks due
to climate change, the results will be more resilient if the process include social, economic, and environmental sustainability aspects. A prerequisite for sustainable development in the context of climate
change is to address the underlying causes of vulnerability, including the structural inequalities that
create and sustain access to both human and natural resources. This involves integrating adaptation
planning and risk management into all social, economic, and environmental domains, including policy and the use of a bottom-up and top-down approach that involves the local community members
(IPCC, 2014a).
10.6.1 Adaptation Planning
Adaptation planning is mostly based on the hazard and risk management process (GORCC, 2012).
The principles of risk management are included in the risk assessment process; they are applied to
adaptation planning by various governments, and are consistent with the broad approach to climate
change adaptation promoted by various governments across the world, and by the Australian
Government as well (AGO, 2006). In Australia, the risk framework for hazard management is based
on the Australian Standard for Risk Assessment and Management AS/NZS ISO31000:2009. Adaptation
planning considers various approaches and pathways to resilience; however, limits are faced when
thresholds or tipping points associated with social and natural systems are exceeded, posing severe
challenges for adaptation by the local community. Choices and outcomes for adaptive actions to climate events usually need to reflect divergent capacities and resources and multiple interacting processes (IPCC, 2012). Actions are framed by trade-offs between competing prioritized values and
objectives, and the consideration of the adaptation process needs to look at different visions of development that can change over time.
The hazard risk management process indicates that multiple interacting processes with forces of
change result in risk that needs to be managed, mitigated or avoided. The forces of change that increase
the level of risk include climate aspects, natural variability, anthropogenic climate change, and socioeconomic processes, which include governance. These factors influencing each other are a complex
system, and potential solutions can be developed for identifying the iterative processes, which are
similar to patterns in a pattern language.
Iterative approaches that evolve over time can allow development pathways to integrate risk management so that diverse solutions can be considered. Adaptive Planning as an adaptive process can be
informed by design and planning options that include the consideration of ecological sustainability.
10.6 The Regenerative-Adaptive Design Model
model can be applied to coastal communities to better appreciate and understand how the landscape
will change, in ecological and human contexts, and therefore inform their adaptive responses. This
model can inform the community’s potential and assist in establishing resilient coastal settlements in
a future changed climate.
10.6 The Regenerative-Adaptive Design Model
As described in Chap. 3, according to the most recent definition of adaptation issued by the IPCC
Working Group II, as well as Working Group III, 2014, the adaptation of natural systems is supported
by human intervention. The definition states that:
Adaptation is the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, human intervention may
facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects (IPCC, 2014b, p. 40).
When adaptation planning uses hazard and risk management process to plan and manage risks due
to climate change, the results will be more resilient if the process include social, economic, and environmental sustainability aspects. A prerequisite for sustainable development in the context of climate
change is to address the underlying causes of vulnerability, including the structural inequalities that
create and sustain access to both human and natural resources. This involves integrating adaptation
planning and risk management into all social, economic, and environmental domains, including policy and the use of a bottom-up and top-down approach that involves the local community members
(IPCC, 2014a).
10.6.1 Adaptation Planning
Adaptation planning is mostly based on the hazard and risk management process (GORCC, 2012).
The principles of risk management are included in the risk assessment process; they are applied to
adaptation planning by various governments, and are consistent with the broad approach to climate
change adaptation promoted by various governments across the world, and by the Australian
Government as well (AGO, 2006). In Australia, the risk framework for hazard management is based
on the Australian Standard for Risk Assessment and Management AS/NZS ISO31000:2009. Adaptation
planning considers various approaches and pathways to resilience; however, limits are faced when
thresholds or tipping points associated with social and natural systems are exceeded, posing severe
challenges for adaptation by the local community. Choices and outcomes for adaptive actions to climate events usually need to reflect divergent capacities and resources and multiple interacting processes (IPCC, 2012). Actions are framed by trade-offs between competing prioritized values and
objectives, and the consideration of the adaptation process needs to look at different visions of development that can change over time.
The hazard risk management process indicates that multiple interacting processes with forces of
change result in risk that needs to be managed, mitigated or avoided. The forces of change that increase
the level of risk include climate aspects, natural variability, anthropogenic climate change, and socioeconomic processes, which include governance. These factors influencing each other are a complex
system, and potential solutions can be developed for identifying the iterative processes, which are
similar to patterns in a pattern language.
Iterative approaches that evolve over time can allow development pathways to integrate risk management so that diverse solutions can be considered. Adaptive Planning as an adaptive process can be
informed by design and planning options that include the consideration of ecological sustainability.
10.6 The Regenerative-Adaptive Design Model