of sodium from sodium-rich applications of effluent. The
dispersed material is readily carried by water and thus can
become a source of sediment in waterways. Bypass flow is a
risk for most Pallic Soils because it is promoted by their
restricted permeability and tendency for continuous cracks to
form as a result of soil shrinkage during dry periods.
Further Reading
Almond PJ, Shanun FL, Rieser U, Shulmeister J (2007) An OSL,
radiocarbon and tephra isochron-based chronology for Birdlings
Flat loess at Ahuriri Quarry, Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, New
Zealand. Quat Geochronol 2:4–8
Barrell DJA, Almond PC, Vandergoes MJ et al (2013) A composite
pollen-based stratotype for inter-regional evaluation of climatic
events in New Zealand over the past 30,000 years (NZ-INTIMATE
project). Quatern Sci Rev 74:4–20
Bruce JG (1983) Effect of climate on morphological features of soils
from loess in the southern part of South Island, New Zealand. Aust J
Soil Res 21:359–371
Bruce JG (ed) (1984) Soil groups of New Zealand. Part 7. Yellow-grey
Earths. NZ Society of Soil Science, Lower Hutt, 123p
Bruce JG (1996) Morphological characteristics and interpretation of
some polygenetic soils in loess in southern South Island, New
Zealand. Quatern Int 34–36:205–211
Bruce JG, Ives DW, Leamy ML (1973) Maps and sections showing the
distribution and stratigraphy of South Island loess and associated
cover deposits, New Zealand. New Zealand Soil Survey Report 7
Cowie JD (1964a) Aokautere Ash in the Manawatu district, New
Zealand. NZJ Geol Geophys 7:66–77
Cowie JD (1964b) Loess in the Manawatu district, New Zealand. NZ J
Geol Geophys 7(2):389–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.
1964.10420185
Cowie JD, Milne JDG (1973) Maps and sections showing the
distribution and stratigraphy of North Island loess and associated
cover deposits, New Zealand. New Zealand Soil Survey Report 6
Eden DN, Furkert RJ (eds) (1988) Loess—its distribution, geology and
soils. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam 245 p
Eden DN, Hammond AP (2003) Dust accumulation in the New Zealand
region since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quatern Sci Rev 22:2037–
2052
Eden DN, Froggatt PC, McIntosh P (1992) The distribution and
composition of volcanic glass in late Quaternary loess deposits of
southern South Island, New Zealand, and some possible correlations. NZ J Geol Geophys 35:69–79
Eger A, Almond PC, Condron LM (2020) Upbuilding pedogenesis
under active loess deposition in a super-humid, temperate climate—
quantification of deposition rates, soil chemistry and pedogenic
thresholds. Geoderma 189–190:491–501
Fagg R, Smalley I (2019) Loess in New Zealand: observations by
Haast, Hutton, Hardcastle, Wild and Speight, 1878–1948. Quatern
Int 502(A):173–178
Glazovskaya MA (1984) Soils of the world, vol 11. Soil Geography
Russian Translation Series 10. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
Hardcastle J (1889) The origin of the loess deposits on the Timaru
plateau. Trans Proc N Z Inst 22:406–414
Hardcastle J (1890) On the Timaru loess as a climate register. Trans
Proc N Z Inst 23:324–332
Hesse PP (1994) The record of continental dust from Australia in
Tasman Sea sediments. Quatern Sci Rev 13:257–72
Hewitt AE (1997) Are New Zealand soils distinctive? A subterranean
view of NZ ecosystems. Norman Taylor Memorial Lecture
November 1996. NZ Soil News 45:7–16
Hewitt AE (2010) New Zealand Soil Classification, 3rd edn. Landcare
Research Science Series No1, Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln,
New Zealand
Hughes MW, Almond PC, Roering JJ et al (2010) Late Quaternary
loess landscape evolution on an active tectonic margin, Charwell
Basin, South Island, New Zealand. Geomorphology 122:294–308
Leslie DM (1980) Characterisation and comparative classification of
soils of a catena from loess, East Taieri, Otago, New Zealand. New
Zealand Journal of Science 23:19–26
Litchfield LJ, Rieser U (2005) Optically stimulated luminescence age
constraints for fluvial aggradation terraces and loess in the eastern
North Island, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 48:581–589
Lowe DJ, Neall VE, Hedley M et al (2010). Guidebook for
pre-conference North Island New Zealand, “Volcanoes to Ocean”
field tour. 26th–30th July 2010. 19th World Congress of Soil
Science. ISSN-1175-4966
Lowe DJ, Tonkin PJ, Palmer AS et al. (2015) Dusty Horizons. In:
Graham I (ed) A continent on the move: New Zealand geosyncline
revealed (2nd ed). Geoscience Soc NZ Misc Publ 141, p 286–289
McCraw JD (1975) Quaternary airfall deposits of New Zealand. Bull R
Soc N Z 13:35–44
McGlone MS (1988) New Zealand. In: Huntley B, Webb T Ill
(eds) Vegetation history. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,
pp 557–599
McWethy DB, Whitlock C, Wilmshurst JM et al (2009) Rapid
deforestation of South Island, New Zealand, by early Polynesian
fires. The Holocene 19(6):883–897
Milne JDG (1973) Map and sections of river terraces in the Rangitikei
Basin, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Soil Survey
Report 4. 4 sheets. DSIR, Wellington
Milne JDG (1973) Upper Quaternary Geology of the Rangitikei
Drainage Basin, North Island, New Zealand. PhD thesis. Victoria
University, Wellington
Milne JDG, Smalley IJ (1979) Loess deposits in the southern part of the
North Island of New Zealand. Acta Geologica Academiae Scientarium Hungaricae 22:197–204
Newnham RM, McGlone MS, Moar NT et al (2013) The vegetation
cover of New Zealand at the Last Glacial Maximum. Quatern Sci
Rev 74:202–214
Palmer AS, Pillans BJ (1996) Record of climatic fluctuations from ca.
500 ka loess deposits and paleosols near Wanganui, New Zealand.
Quatern Int 34–36:155–162
Perry GLW, Wilmshurst JM, McGlone MS et al (2012) Explaining
fire-driven landscape transformation during the Initial Burning
Period of New Zealand’s prehistory. Global Change Biology
18:1609–1621
Pollok JM (1975) A comparative study of certain New Zealand and
German soils formed from loess. University of Bonn, 312p
Published D. Agr. thesis
Poulsen D (2013) The hydrogeological significance of loess in
Canterbury. Canterbury Regional Council Report No R13/60
Raeside JD (1964) Loess deposits of the South Island, New Zealand,
and soils formed on them. NZ J Geol Geophys 7:811–838
Runge ECA, Walker TW, Howarth D (1974) A study of late
Pleistocene loess deposits, south Canterbury, New Zealand.
I. Forms and amounts of phosphorus compared with other
techniques for identifying paleosols. Quatern Res 4:76–84
Schmidt J, Almond P, Basher L et al (2005) Modelling loess landscapes
for the South Island, New Zealand, based on expert knowledge.
NZ J Geol Geophys 48:117–133
10.7 Use and Management of Pallic Soils
161
dispersed material is readily carried by water and thus can
become a source of sediment in waterways. Bypass flow is a
risk for most Pallic Soils because it is promoted by their
restricted permeability and tendency for continuous cracks to
form as a result of soil shrinkage during dry periods.
Further Reading
Almond PJ, Shanun FL, Rieser U, Shulmeister J (2007) An OSL,
radiocarbon and tephra isochron-based chronology for Birdlings
Flat loess at Ahuriri Quarry, Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, New
Zealand. Quat Geochronol 2:4–8
Barrell DJA, Almond PC, Vandergoes MJ et al (2013) A composite
pollen-based stratotype for inter-regional evaluation of climatic
events in New Zealand over the past 30,000 years (NZ-INTIMATE
project). Quatern Sci Rev 74:4–20
Bruce JG (1983) Effect of climate on morphological features of soils
from loess in the southern part of South Island, New Zealand. Aust J
Soil Res 21:359–371
Bruce JG (ed) (1984) Soil groups of New Zealand. Part 7. Yellow-grey
Earths. NZ Society of Soil Science, Lower Hutt, 123p
Bruce JG (1996) Morphological characteristics and interpretation of
some polygenetic soils in loess in southern South Island, New
Zealand. Quatern Int 34–36:205–211
Bruce JG, Ives DW, Leamy ML (1973) Maps and sections showing the
distribution and stratigraphy of South Island loess and associated
cover deposits, New Zealand. New Zealand Soil Survey Report 7
Cowie JD (1964a) Aokautere Ash in the Manawatu district, New
Zealand. NZJ Geol Geophys 7:66–77
Cowie JD (1964b) Loess in the Manawatu district, New Zealand. NZ J
Geol Geophys 7(2):389–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.
1964.10420185
Cowie JD, Milne JDG (1973) Maps and sections showing the
distribution and stratigraphy of North Island loess and associated
cover deposits, New Zealand. New Zealand Soil Survey Report 6
Eden DN, Furkert RJ (eds) (1988) Loess—its distribution, geology and
soils. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam 245 p
Eden DN, Hammond AP (2003) Dust accumulation in the New Zealand
region since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quatern Sci Rev 22:2037–
2052
Eden DN, Froggatt PC, McIntosh P (1992) The distribution and
composition of volcanic glass in late Quaternary loess deposits of
southern South Island, New Zealand, and some possible correlations. NZ J Geol Geophys 35:69–79
Eger A, Almond PC, Condron LM (2020) Upbuilding pedogenesis
under active loess deposition in a super-humid, temperate climate—
quantification of deposition rates, soil chemistry and pedogenic
thresholds. Geoderma 189–190:491–501
Fagg R, Smalley I (2019) Loess in New Zealand: observations by
Haast, Hutton, Hardcastle, Wild and Speight, 1878–1948. Quatern
Int 502(A):173–178
Glazovskaya MA (1984) Soils of the world, vol 11. Soil Geography
Russian Translation Series 10. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
Hardcastle J (1889) The origin of the loess deposits on the Timaru
plateau. Trans Proc N Z Inst 22:406–414
Hardcastle J (1890) On the Timaru loess as a climate register. Trans
Proc N Z Inst 23:324–332
Hesse PP (1994) The record of continental dust from Australia in
Tasman Sea sediments. Quatern Sci Rev 13:257–72
Hewitt AE (1997) Are New Zealand soils distinctive? A subterranean
view of NZ ecosystems. Norman Taylor Memorial Lecture
November 1996. NZ Soil News 45:7–16
Hewitt AE (2010) New Zealand Soil Classification, 3rd edn. Landcare
Research Science Series No1, Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln,
New Zealand
Hughes MW, Almond PC, Roering JJ et al (2010) Late Quaternary
loess landscape evolution on an active tectonic margin, Charwell
Basin, South Island, New Zealand. Geomorphology 122:294–308
Leslie DM (1980) Characterisation and comparative classification of
soils of a catena from loess, East Taieri, Otago, New Zealand. New
Zealand Journal of Science 23:19–26
Litchfield LJ, Rieser U (2005) Optically stimulated luminescence age
constraints for fluvial aggradation terraces and loess in the eastern
North Island, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 48:581–589
Lowe DJ, Neall VE, Hedley M et al (2010). Guidebook for
pre-conference North Island New Zealand, “Volcanoes to Ocean”
field tour. 26th–30th July 2010. 19th World Congress of Soil
Science. ISSN-1175-4966
Lowe DJ, Tonkin PJ, Palmer AS et al. (2015) Dusty Horizons. In:
Graham I (ed) A continent on the move: New Zealand geosyncline
revealed (2nd ed). Geoscience Soc NZ Misc Publ 141, p 286–289
McCraw JD (1975) Quaternary airfall deposits of New Zealand. Bull R
Soc N Z 13:35–44
McGlone MS (1988) New Zealand. In: Huntley B, Webb T Ill
(eds) Vegetation history. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,
pp 557–599
McWethy DB, Whitlock C, Wilmshurst JM et al (2009) Rapid
deforestation of South Island, New Zealand, by early Polynesian
fires. The Holocene 19(6):883–897
Milne JDG (1973) Map and sections of river terraces in the Rangitikei
Basin, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Soil Survey
Report 4. 4 sheets. DSIR, Wellington
Milne JDG (1973) Upper Quaternary Geology of the Rangitikei
Drainage Basin, North Island, New Zealand. PhD thesis. Victoria
University, Wellington
Milne JDG, Smalley IJ (1979) Loess deposits in the southern part of the
North Island of New Zealand. Acta Geologica Academiae Scientarium Hungaricae 22:197–204
Newnham RM, McGlone MS, Moar NT et al (2013) The vegetation
cover of New Zealand at the Last Glacial Maximum. Quatern Sci
Rev 74:202–214
Palmer AS, Pillans BJ (1996) Record of climatic fluctuations from ca.
500 ka loess deposits and paleosols near Wanganui, New Zealand.
Quatern Int 34–36:155–162
Perry GLW, Wilmshurst JM, McGlone MS et al (2012) Explaining
fire-driven landscape transformation during the Initial Burning
Period of New Zealand’s prehistory. Global Change Biology
18:1609–1621
Pollok JM (1975) A comparative study of certain New Zealand and
German soils formed from loess. University of Bonn, 312p
Published D. Agr. thesis
Poulsen D (2013) The hydrogeological significance of loess in
Canterbury. Canterbury Regional Council Report No R13/60
Raeside JD (1964) Loess deposits of the South Island, New Zealand,
and soils formed on them. NZ J Geol Geophys 7:811–838
Runge ECA, Walker TW, Howarth D (1974) A study of late
Pleistocene loess deposits, south Canterbury, New Zealand.
I. Forms and amounts of phosphorus compared with other
techniques for identifying paleosols. Quatern Res 4:76–84
Schmidt J, Almond P, Basher L et al (2005) Modelling loess landscapes
for the South Island, New Zealand, based on expert knowledge.
NZ J Geol Geophys 48:117–133
10.7 Use and Management of Pallic Soils
161