based on palynology, plant macrofossils and tephrochronology. The
Holocene 5:267–282
Newnham RM, Hazell ZJ, Charman DJ et al (2019) Peat humification
records from Restionaceae bogs in northern New Zealand as
potential indicators of Holocene precipitation, seasonality, and
ENSO. Quatern Sci Rev 218:78–394
Nieveen JP, Campbell DI, Schipper LA et al (2005) Carbon exchange
of grazed pasture on a drained peat soil. Glob Change Biol 11
(4):607–618
Pronger J, Schipper LA, Hill RB et al (2014) Subsidence rates of
drained agricultural peatlands in New Zealand and the relationship
with time since drainage. J Environ Qual 43(4):1442–1449
Ratcliffe JL, Campbell DI, Clarkson BR et al (2019) Water table
fluctuations control CO 2 exchange in wet and dry bogs through
different mechanisms. Sci Total Environ 655:1037–1046
Ratcliffe JL, Campbell DI, Schipper LA et al (2020) Recovery of the
CO 2 sink in a remnant peatland following water table lowering. Sci
Total Environ 718:134613
Ratcliffe JL, Lowe DJ, Schipper LA et al (2020) Rapid carbon
accumulation in a peatland following Late Holocene tephra
deposition, New Zealand. Quat Sci Rev 246. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.quascirev.2020.106505
Rapson GL, Sykes MT, Lee WG et al (2006) Subalpine gully-head
ribbon fens of the Lammerlaw and Lammermoor Ranges, Otago,
New Zealand. NZ J Bot 44:351–375
Schipper LA, McLeod M (2002) Subsidence rates and carbon loss in
peat soils following conversion to pasture in the Waikato Region,
New Zealand. Soil Use Manag 18:91–93
Selby MJ, Lowe DJ (1992) The middle Waikato Basin and hills. In:
Soons JM, Selby MJ (eds) Landforms of New Zealand, 2nd edn.
Longman Paul, Auckland, pp 233–255
Soil Survey Staff 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th edn. USDA
Natural Resources Conservation Service, p 360. https://www.nrcs.
usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=stelprdb1252
094&ext=pdf
Sorrell B, Reeves P, Clarkson BR (2004) Wetland management and
restoration. In: Harding JS et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand.
NZ Hydrol Soc NZ Limnol Soc, Christchurch, pp 40.1–40.13
Vandergoes MJ, Hogg AG, Lowe DJ et al (2013) A revised age for the
Kawakawa/Oruanui tephra, a key marker for the Last Glacial
Maximum in New Zealand. Quatern Sci Rev 74:195–201
Wagstaff SJ, Clarkson BR (2012) Systematics and ecology of the
Australasian genus Empodisma (Restionaceae) and description of a
new species from peatlands in northern New Zealand. Phytokeys
13:39–79
Walker M, Johnsen S, Rasmussen SO et al (2009) Formal definition
and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype section and point) for the
base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and
selected auxiliary records. J Quat Sci 24:3–17
Williams PW (2017) New Zealand landscape—behind the scene.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, 470 p
Wilson CJN (2001) The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an
introduction and overview. J Volcanol Geoth Res 112:133–174
World Reference Base (2015 update). https://www.fao.org/3/a-i3794e.
pdf
132
8 Organic Soils
Holocene 5:267–282
Newnham RM, Hazell ZJ, Charman DJ et al (2019) Peat humification
records from Restionaceae bogs in northern New Zealand as
potential indicators of Holocene precipitation, seasonality, and
ENSO. Quatern Sci Rev 218:78–394
Nieveen JP, Campbell DI, Schipper LA et al (2005) Carbon exchange
of grazed pasture on a drained peat soil. Glob Change Biol 11
(4):607–618
Pronger J, Schipper LA, Hill RB et al (2014) Subsidence rates of
drained agricultural peatlands in New Zealand and the relationship
with time since drainage. J Environ Qual 43(4):1442–1449
Ratcliffe JL, Campbell DI, Clarkson BR et al (2019) Water table
fluctuations control CO 2 exchange in wet and dry bogs through
different mechanisms. Sci Total Environ 655:1037–1046
Ratcliffe JL, Campbell DI, Schipper LA et al (2020) Recovery of the
CO 2 sink in a remnant peatland following water table lowering. Sci
Total Environ 718:134613
Ratcliffe JL, Lowe DJ, Schipper LA et al (2020) Rapid carbon
accumulation in a peatland following Late Holocene tephra
deposition, New Zealand. Quat Sci Rev 246. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.quascirev.2020.106505
Rapson GL, Sykes MT, Lee WG et al (2006) Subalpine gully-head
ribbon fens of the Lammerlaw and Lammermoor Ranges, Otago,
New Zealand. NZ J Bot 44:351–375
Schipper LA, McLeod M (2002) Subsidence rates and carbon loss in
peat soils following conversion to pasture in the Waikato Region,
New Zealand. Soil Use Manag 18:91–93
Selby MJ, Lowe DJ (1992) The middle Waikato Basin and hills. In:
Soons JM, Selby MJ (eds) Landforms of New Zealand, 2nd edn.
Longman Paul, Auckland, pp 233–255
Soil Survey Staff 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th edn. USDA
Natural Resources Conservation Service, p 360. https://www.nrcs.
usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=stelprdb1252
094&ext=pdf
Sorrell B, Reeves P, Clarkson BR (2004) Wetland management and
restoration. In: Harding JS et al. (eds) Freshwaters of New Zealand.
NZ Hydrol Soc NZ Limnol Soc, Christchurch, pp 40.1–40.13
Vandergoes MJ, Hogg AG, Lowe DJ et al (2013) A revised age for the
Kawakawa/Oruanui tephra, a key marker for the Last Glacial
Maximum in New Zealand. Quatern Sci Rev 74:195–201
Wagstaff SJ, Clarkson BR (2012) Systematics and ecology of the
Australasian genus Empodisma (Restionaceae) and description of a
new species from peatlands in northern New Zealand. Phytokeys
13:39–79
Walker M, Johnsen S, Rasmussen SO et al (2009) Formal definition
and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype section and point) for the
base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and
selected auxiliary records. J Quat Sci 24:3–17
Williams PW (2017) New Zealand landscape—behind the scene.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, 470 p
Wilson CJN (2001) The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an
introduction and overview. J Volcanol Geoth Res 112:133–174
World Reference Base (2015 update). https://www.fao.org/3/a-i3794e.
132
8 Organic Soils