Citizens 161
109 Philip Seargeant, and Caroline Tagg, “Social Media and the Future of
Open Debate: A User-Oriented Approach to Facebook’s Filter Bubble Conundrum”, Discourse, Context & Media, 25(2018), pp. 1–8, p. 2.
110 Chris Cillizza, “Donald Trump Called Out Jeff Bezos on Twitter. Then
Bezos Called His Bluff”, The Washington Post, 7 December 2015, www.
washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-calledout-jeff-bezos-on-twitter-then-bezos-called-his-bluff/?utm_term=.
f64488c9601b.
111 Emily Jane Fox, “Donald Trump Slams Jeff Bezos over Taxes: ‘Amazon is
getting away with murder’”, Vanity Fair, 13 May 2016, www.vanityfair.
com/news/2016/05/donald-trump-jeff-bezos-amazon-taxes.
112 Marc Fisher, “Why Trump Went after Bezos: Two Billionaires across
a Cultural Divide”, The Washington Post, 5 April 2018, www.
washing tonpost.com /politics/why-trump-went-af ter-bezos-t wobillionaires-across-a- cultural-divide/2018/04/05/22bb94c2-3763-11e8acd5-35eac230e514_story.html.
113 Will Oremus, “15 Metal Albums Whose Titles Are Less Dark Than the
Washington Post’s New Motto”, Slate, 22 February 2017, www.slate.com/
blogs/the_slatest/2017/02/22/_15_classic_metal_albums_whose_titles_
are_less_dark_than_the_washington.html.
114 Paul Farhi, “The Washington Post’s New Slogan Turns Out to Be an Old
Saying”, The Washington Post, 23 February 2017, www.washingtonpost.
com/lifestyle/style/the-washington-posts-new-slogan-turns-out-to-be-anold-saying/2017/02/23/cb199cda-fa02-11e6-be05-1a3817ac21a5_story.
html?utm_term=.57e3c035a880.
115 Capital FM Malawi, www.facebook.com/pg/CapitalFMMalawi/posts/?
ref=page_internal.
116 Capital FM Malawi, about, www.facebook.com/pg/CapitalFMMalawi/
about/?ref=page_internal.
117 Last Moyo, “Converging Technologies, Converging Spaces, Converging
Practices: The Shaping of Digital Cultures and Practices on Radio”, in
Hayes Mawindi Mabweazara, Okoth Fred Mudhai, and Jason Whittaker
(eds.), Online Journalism in Africa: Trends, Practices and Emerging Cultures, London: Routledge, 2013, p. 48.
118 See, for example, Keith N. Hampton, Inyoung Shin, and Weixu Lu, “Social Media and Political Discussion: When Online Presence Silences Offline
Conversation”, Communication & Society, 20.7(2017), pp. 1090–1108;
Angela J. Aguayo, “Paradise Lost and Found: Popular Documentary, Collective Identification and Participatory Media Culture”, Studies in Documentary Film, 7.3(2013), pp. 233–249.
119 Reinhold Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization and the Cold War, Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1994.
120 Ben Bagdakian, The New Media Monopoly, Boston, MA: Beacon Press,
2004, p. 5.
121 David Held, Models of Democracy, 3rd edition, Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press, 1996, p. 1.
122 Ya-wen Lei, The Contentious Public Sphere: Law, Media, and Authoritarian Rule in China, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017, p. 71.
123 Mark Balnaves, and Michele A. Willson (eds.), A New Theory of Information & the Internet: Public Sphere meets Protocol, Frankfurt: Peter Lang
Publishing, 2011, p. 3.
124 Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An
Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, transl. by Thomas Burger,
London: Polity, 1989, p. 203.
109 Philip Seargeant, and Caroline Tagg, “Social Media and the Future of
Open Debate: A User-Oriented Approach to Facebook’s Filter Bubble Conundrum”, Discourse, Context & Media, 25(2018), pp. 1–8, p. 2.
110 Chris Cillizza, “Donald Trump Called Out Jeff Bezos on Twitter. Then
Bezos Called His Bluff”, The Washington Post, 7 December 2015, www.
washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-calledout-jeff-bezos-on-twitter-then-bezos-called-his-bluff/?utm_term=.
f64488c9601b.
111 Emily Jane Fox, “Donald Trump Slams Jeff Bezos over Taxes: ‘Amazon is
getting away with murder’”, Vanity Fair, 13 May 2016, www.vanityfair.
com/news/2016/05/donald-trump-jeff-bezos-amazon-taxes.
112 Marc Fisher, “Why Trump Went after Bezos: Two Billionaires across
a Cultural Divide”, The Washington Post, 5 April 2018, www.
washing tonpost.com /politics/why-trump-went-af ter-bezos-t wobillionaires-across-a- cultural-divide/2018/04/05/22bb94c2-3763-11e8acd5-35eac230e514_story.html.
113 Will Oremus, “15 Metal Albums Whose Titles Are Less Dark Than the
Washington Post’s New Motto”, Slate, 22 February 2017, www.slate.com/
blogs/the_slatest/2017/02/22/_15_classic_metal_albums_whose_titles_
are_less_dark_than_the_washington.html.
114 Paul Farhi, “The Washington Post’s New Slogan Turns Out to Be an Old
Saying”, The Washington Post, 23 February 2017, www.washingtonpost.
com/lifestyle/style/the-washington-posts-new-slogan-turns-out-to-be-anold-saying/2017/02/23/cb199cda-fa02-11e6-be05-1a3817ac21a5_story.
html?utm_term=.57e3c035a880.
115 Capital FM Malawi, www.facebook.com/pg/CapitalFMMalawi/posts/?
ref=page_internal.
116 Capital FM Malawi, about, www.facebook.com/pg/CapitalFMMalawi/
about/?ref=page_internal.
117 Last Moyo, “Converging Technologies, Converging Spaces, Converging
Practices: The Shaping of Digital Cultures and Practices on Radio”, in
Hayes Mawindi Mabweazara, Okoth Fred Mudhai, and Jason Whittaker
(eds.), Online Journalism in Africa: Trends, Practices and Emerging Cultures, London: Routledge, 2013, p. 48.
118 See, for example, Keith N. Hampton, Inyoung Shin, and Weixu Lu, “Social Media and Political Discussion: When Online Presence Silences Offline
Conversation”, Communication & Society, 20.7(2017), pp. 1090–1108;
Angela J. Aguayo, “Paradise Lost and Found: Popular Documentary, Collective Identification and Participatory Media Culture”, Studies in Documentary Film, 7.3(2013), pp. 233–249.
119 Reinhold Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization and the Cold War, Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1994.
120 Ben Bagdakian, The New Media Monopoly, Boston, MA: Beacon Press,
2004, p. 5.
121 David Held, Models of Democracy, 3rd edition, Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press, 1996, p. 1.
122 Ya-wen Lei, The Contentious Public Sphere: Law, Media, and Authoritarian Rule in China, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017, p. 71.
123 Mark Balnaves, and Michele A. Willson (eds.), A New Theory of Information & the Internet: Public Sphere meets Protocol, Frankfurt: Peter Lang
Publishing, 2011, p. 3.
124 Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An
Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, transl. by Thomas Burger,
London: Polity, 1989, p. 203.