23.5 Application of p
R
t
They use p
R
t as albumin-based nanoparticles, hydrogels, film coater, micro particles, as beads, as composites and also as p
R
t -based nano carriers in drug and gene
delivery S ys
T . Some examples are nanoparticles S ys
T for encapsulation and controlled delivery of bioactive compounds. When p
R
t used as hydrogels, because of
p
R
t -micelle structure, solubility of curcumin is enhanced, acts as a nano vehicle in
the food industry. It also acts as vehicles for bioactive like milk p
R
t . Plsumin p
R
t
obtained from Pisum sativum acts as novel antifungal. Casein-derived four main
bioactive P E
pt act on immune, cardiovascular, nervous S ys
T , and nutrition S ys
T so
applied as a source of bioactive P E
pt
. It uses vegetable p
R
t in microencapsulation.
23.6 Introduction of E
z
m
It defines a catalyst as a substance that increases the velocity or rate of a chemical
R e
at without itself undergoing any changes in the overall process. E
z
m are the
biocatalyst or p
R
t that catalyze the chemical R e
at
. Synthesize E
z
m , p
R
t in nature
(except RNA acting as ribozyme), colloidal and thermo labile in properties and also
specific in their action (Mauguet et al. 2002). French scientist Louis Pasteur in the
year of 1850s states that fermentation of sugar in to alcohol by the yeast is catalyzed
by ferments. As per suggestion, they cannot separate ferments from the structure of
living yeast cells, this hypothesis of a scientist is called vitalism (Cho et al. 2004). It
continues for a decade, later in the year 1897, Eduard Buchner finds that yeast
extracts can ferment sugar solution in to alcohol and he also proves that chemicals
which continues to function when is removed from the cells facilitates that fermentation (Renkema and Vliet 2002). Finally, Frederick gives name such chemical
molecules E
z
m . James Sumner in 1926 isolates and crystallizes E
z
m urease and he
finds that crystals of urease are formed only of p
R
t , thus he postulates that chemically all E
z
m are p
R
t . Because of the lack of other examples, this discovery remains
controversial for years. This hypothesis is widely accepted, when John Northrop
and Moses Kunitz crystallize pepsin, trypsin, and other digestive E
z
m and chemically find them in p
R
t . Over the last decades of the twentieth century, enormous
advances have been made like isolation purification, and structure elucidation of
several E
z
m have been done (Shukla and Cheryan 2002).
23.6.1 Nomenclature and Classification of E
z m
All most all E
z
m contain a p
R
t backbone. In some E
z
m p
R
t are the major component
in their structure whereas some E
z
m also have p
R
t and additional non-p
R
t moieties,
which may or may not take part in the catalytic activity of the E
z
m . We commonly
23 Protein and Enzymes Isolated from Plant Sources …
809
R
t
They use p
R
t as albumin-based nanoparticles, hydrogels, film coater, micro particles, as beads, as composites and also as p
R
t -based nano carriers in drug and gene
delivery S ys
T . Some examples are nanoparticles S ys
T for encapsulation and controlled delivery of bioactive compounds. When p
R
t used as hydrogels, because of
p
R
t -micelle structure, solubility of curcumin is enhanced, acts as a nano vehicle in
the food industry. It also acts as vehicles for bioactive like milk p
R
t . Plsumin p
R
t
obtained from Pisum sativum acts as novel antifungal. Casein-derived four main
bioactive P E
pt act on immune, cardiovascular, nervous S ys
T , and nutrition S ys
T so
applied as a source of bioactive P E
pt
. It uses vegetable p
R
t in microencapsulation.
23.6 Introduction of E
z
m
It defines a catalyst as a substance that increases the velocity or rate of a chemical
R e
at without itself undergoing any changes in the overall process. E
z
m are the
biocatalyst or p
R
t that catalyze the chemical R e
at
. Synthesize E
z
m , p
R
t in nature
(except RNA acting as ribozyme), colloidal and thermo labile in properties and also
specific in their action (Mauguet et al. 2002). French scientist Louis Pasteur in the
year of 1850s states that fermentation of sugar in to alcohol by the yeast is catalyzed
by ferments. As per suggestion, they cannot separate ferments from the structure of
living yeast cells, this hypothesis of a scientist is called vitalism (Cho et al. 2004). It
continues for a decade, later in the year 1897, Eduard Buchner finds that yeast
extracts can ferment sugar solution in to alcohol and he also proves that chemicals
which continues to function when is removed from the cells facilitates that fermentation (Renkema and Vliet 2002). Finally, Frederick gives name such chemical
molecules E
z
m . James Sumner in 1926 isolates and crystallizes E
z
m urease and he
finds that crystals of urease are formed only of p
R
t , thus he postulates that chemically all E
z
m are p
R
t . Because of the lack of other examples, this discovery remains
controversial for years. This hypothesis is widely accepted, when John Northrop
and Moses Kunitz crystallize pepsin, trypsin, and other digestive E
z
m and chemically find them in p
R
t . Over the last decades of the twentieth century, enormous
advances have been made like isolation purification, and structure elucidation of
several E
z
m have been done (Shukla and Cheryan 2002).
23.6.1 Nomenclature and Classification of E
z m
All most all E
z
m contain a p
R
t backbone. In some E
z
m p
R
t are the major component
in their structure whereas some E
z
m also have p
R
t and additional non-p
R
t moieties,
which may or may not take part in the catalytic activity of the E
z
m . We commonly
23 Protein and Enzymes Isolated from Plant Sources …
809