long-term use during epilepsy control. The anti-epileptic effects of piperine
nanoparticles were further evaluated in acute seizure modes in mice (Pal et al.
2009).
The nanosized piperine was articulated by employing nanoprecipitation method
(Ren et al. 2019a) and they observed the characteristics of nanoparticles under TEM
with high spacial resolution. As shown in Fig. 22.11, piperine nanoparticles appeared
as spherical black spots with a smooth surface. Smaller particle size (around 67 nm)
was found for piperine nanoparticles under TEM observation compared with DLS,
which may be attributed to the shrinkage of nanoparticles upon drying process during
TEM preparation. Thus, the outcome of the particle size from DLS would be reflected
as a more precise result for piperine nanoparticles particle size.
The release pattern of piperine nanoparticles was constructed to demonstrate its
dissolution pattern and compared with that of unformulated piperine (Fig. 22.12).
They studied the anti-epileptic effect of piperine nanoparticles with a mouse
model with PTZ-induced acute seizures. Characteristic behavioral patterns such as
myoclonic twitch and tonic limb extension were observed after i.p. injection of PTZ
at 80 mg/kg in Kunming mice, indicating the successful development of seizure
model in mice (Raol and Brooks-Kayal 2012). As shown in Fig. 22.13, unformulated piperine at 15 mg/kg failed to prevent the PTZ-induced seizure since there
was no significant difference in average seizure frequency or latency to first seizure
compared with the PTZ group. In contrast, no seizure was found during the 30 min
observation for piperine nanosuspensions at same dose level (15 mg/kg), which
was significantly different from PTZ group for seizure frequency and latency to first
seizure (p < 0.01). After lowering the dose of piperine nanoparticles to 7.5 mg/kg,
effective anti-seizure effect was still demonstrated with reduced seizure frequency
Fig. 22.11 Micrograph of
piperine nanoparticles
revealed by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM).
With copyright permission
(Ren et al. 2019a)
22 Piperine: Sources, Properties, Applications …
781
nanoparticles were further evaluated in acute seizure modes in mice (Pal et al.
2009).
The nanosized piperine was articulated by employing nanoprecipitation method
(Ren et al. 2019a) and they observed the characteristics of nanoparticles under TEM
with high spacial resolution. As shown in Fig. 22.11, piperine nanoparticles appeared
as spherical black spots with a smooth surface. Smaller particle size (around 67 nm)
was found for piperine nanoparticles under TEM observation compared with DLS,
which may be attributed to the shrinkage of nanoparticles upon drying process during
TEM preparation. Thus, the outcome of the particle size from DLS would be reflected
as a more precise result for piperine nanoparticles particle size.
The release pattern of piperine nanoparticles was constructed to demonstrate its
dissolution pattern and compared with that of unformulated piperine (Fig. 22.12).
They studied the anti-epileptic effect of piperine nanoparticles with a mouse
model with PTZ-induced acute seizures. Characteristic behavioral patterns such as
myoclonic twitch and tonic limb extension were observed after i.p. injection of PTZ
at 80 mg/kg in Kunming mice, indicating the successful development of seizure
model in mice (Raol and Brooks-Kayal 2012). As shown in Fig. 22.13, unformulated piperine at 15 mg/kg failed to prevent the PTZ-induced seizure since there
was no significant difference in average seizure frequency or latency to first seizure
compared with the PTZ group. In contrast, no seizure was found during the 30 min
observation for piperine nanosuspensions at same dose level (15 mg/kg), which
was significantly different from PTZ group for seizure frequency and latency to first
seizure (p < 0.01). After lowering the dose of piperine nanoparticles to 7.5 mg/kg,
effective anti-seizure effect was still demonstrated with reduced seizure frequency
Fig. 22.11 Micrograph of
piperine nanoparticles
revealed by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM).
With copyright permission
(Ren et al. 2019a)
22 Piperine: Sources, Properties, Applications …
781