ventricles have yet to be determined. The supply of CGRP-containing nerves was
considerably poor in the ventricles compared to those in the atria, indicating that the
amount of releasable CGRP is small in the ventricles. Even if CGRP is released
from sparse CGRP-containing nerves, it does not exert positive inotropic actions on
the ventricles. This may be a reason why both piperine and capsaicin failed to
produce positive inotropic responses in the ventricles (Miyauchi et al. 1988).
22.5 Effect on Pentobarbitone Sleeping Time
Piperine potentiated pentobarbitone sleeping time in dose-dependant manner, with
peak effect at 30 min. Blood and brain pentobarbitone levels were higher in
piperine-treated animals. Piperine treatment in rats, treated chronically with phenobarbitone, significantly potentiated pentobarbitone sleeping time, as compared to
the controls. There was no alteration in barbital sodium sleeping time. It is possible
that piperine inhibits liver microsomal enzyme system, and thereby potentiates the
pentobarbitone sleeping time (Gupta et al. 2003; Mujumdar et al. 1990; Pal and
Nandi 2005; Pal and Mazumder 2014; Sachan et al. 2015; Pal et al. 2009).
Ultrasound
assisted
extraction
• Extraction time: 18
minute; Extraction yield
(w/w): 0.58%
• Benefits: Short running
time, higher extractive
yield, controllable
parameters
• Disadvantage: Small
particle size, more
filtration steps
Microwave
assisted
extraction
• Extraction time: 2
minute; Extraction yield
(w/w): 94%
• Benefits: Selective,
short running time, high
extraction
• Disadvantage: More
filtration steps, time
consuming during
cooling
Double
bypass
Soxhlet
apparatus
• Extraction time: 12 ± 1
h; Extraction yield
(w/w): 3.90% ± 0.10%
• Benefits: Easily
operate, simple
• Disadvantage: Long
extraction time, solvent
consuming
Supercritical
fluid
extraction
• Extraction time: 2-5 h;
Extraction yield (w/w):
6.7%-7.6%
• Benefits: Efficient,
selective, clean, fast
• Disadvantage: High
cost, less pressure
resistant
Ionic
liquid
ultrasound
assisted
extraction
• Extraction time: 30
min; Extraction yield
(w/w): 3.57%
• Benefits: Environment
friendly, Short
extraction run, high
efficiency
Fig. 22.2 Different extraction techniques used to extract piperine
762
N. Sachan et al.
considerably poor in the ventricles compared to those in the atria, indicating that the
amount of releasable CGRP is small in the ventricles. Even if CGRP is released
from sparse CGRP-containing nerves, it does not exert positive inotropic actions on
the ventricles. This may be a reason why both piperine and capsaicin failed to
produce positive inotropic responses in the ventricles (Miyauchi et al. 1988).
22.5 Effect on Pentobarbitone Sleeping Time
Piperine potentiated pentobarbitone sleeping time in dose-dependant manner, with
peak effect at 30 min. Blood and brain pentobarbitone levels were higher in
piperine-treated animals. Piperine treatment in rats, treated chronically with phenobarbitone, significantly potentiated pentobarbitone sleeping time, as compared to
the controls. There was no alteration in barbital sodium sleeping time. It is possible
that piperine inhibits liver microsomal enzyme system, and thereby potentiates the
pentobarbitone sleeping time (Gupta et al. 2003; Mujumdar et al. 1990; Pal and
Nandi 2005; Pal and Mazumder 2014; Sachan et al. 2015; Pal et al. 2009).
Ultrasound
assisted
extraction
• Extraction time: 18
minute; Extraction yield
(w/w): 0.58%
• Benefits: Short running
time, higher extractive
yield, controllable
parameters
• Disadvantage: Small
particle size, more
filtration steps
Microwave
assisted
extraction
• Extraction time: 2
minute; Extraction yield
(w/w): 94%
• Benefits: Selective,
short running time, high
extraction
• Disadvantage: More
filtration steps, time
consuming during
cooling
Double
bypass
Soxhlet
apparatus
• Extraction time: 12 ± 1
h; Extraction yield
(w/w): 3.90% ± 0.10%
• Benefits: Easily
operate, simple
• Disadvantage: Long
extraction time, solvent
consuming
Supercritical
fluid
extraction
• Extraction time: 2-5 h;
Extraction yield (w/w):
6.7%-7.6%
• Benefits: Efficient,
selective, clean, fast
• Disadvantage: High
cost, less pressure
resistant
Ionic
liquid
ultrasound
assisted
extraction
• Extraction time: 30
min; Extraction yield
(w/w): 3.57%
• Benefits: Environment
friendly, Short
extraction run, high
efficiency
Fig. 22.2 Different extraction techniques used to extract piperine
762
N. Sachan et al.