excellent polarity range. Gurjar et al. (2012) reported the extraction of phytochemical compounds from dried plant material with soxhlet method using organic
solvent. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography is an analytical method that have
been commonly used with other chromatography methods such as gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography mass
spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for the separation and identification
of bioactive natural compounds (Snyder et al. 2012; Villas-Boas et al. 2005). GC–
MS had high ability in the partitioning and identification of compounds from
multiple biological mixtures (Villas-Boas et al. 2005). More so, GC–MS technique
can identify various bioactive natural compounds with lower molecular weight,
volatile in nature and have different functions (Huang et al. 2012; Wang et al.
2012a, b). LC–MS is another chromatography technique apart from GC–MS where
liquid chromatography is attached to spectrometry together with electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (Villas-Boas et al. 2005). LC–
MS can analyse and identify huge number of non-volatile compounds even in
smaller quantities. Nuclear magnetic resonance (
1 H NMR) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) are other methods utilized in the validation, characterization and
separation of active compounds (Sharma and Paliwal 2013).
2.2 Bioactive Natural Compounds: Distribution
and Geographical Sources
Table 2.1 has 251 plants species belonging to 98 genera and 56 families distributed in
virtually 96 different continents and countries across the planet which includes
Africa, Algeria, America, Asia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cameroon, central America,
China, Chinese medicines, Cuba, east Asia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, India
(Ayurveda), India (Ayurveda, Unani), India (Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and homeopathy), Japan, Ivory Coast, Iraq, Iran, Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Korea, Laos, Latin
America, Marshall Islands, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Malaysia, New Guinea,
Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua, Paraguay, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sierra
Leone, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Senegal, South East Asia, Nepal, Sri lanka,
Sudan, South East Asian Countries,Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tobago, Togo,
Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad, Turkey, Uganda, Vietnam, West Indies. Of the 98
genera given, some have more than 8 species giving different biological activity.
Eighteen (18) species were observed in Ficus, 14 in Artemisia, 11 in Terminalia,
while Cinnamomum, Phyllanthus and Ziziphus with 9 each and Acacia and Zizigium
with 8 each in that order. Of the 18 species in the Ficus genus, the most prominent and
important species are, Ficus elastic, Ficus benghalensis and F. hispida. Indian
Banyan tree also known as F. benghalensis is a frequent used plant to avert most
illness diabetes inclusive (Jaya Kumari et al. 2016) and is used in folk medicines,
Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha (Gopukumar and Praseetha 2015), and homeopathy (Deepa
et al. 2018). F. benghalensis, F. glomerata, F. carica, F. glumosa, F. religiosa and
44
T. Ahmadu and K. Ahmad
solvent. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography is an analytical method that have
been commonly used with other chromatography methods such as gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography mass
spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for the separation and identification
of bioactive natural compounds (Snyder et al. 2012; Villas-Boas et al. 2005). GC–
MS had high ability in the partitioning and identification of compounds from
multiple biological mixtures (Villas-Boas et al. 2005). More so, GC–MS technique
can identify various bioactive natural compounds with lower molecular weight,
volatile in nature and have different functions (Huang et al. 2012; Wang et al.
2012a, b). LC–MS is another chromatography technique apart from GC–MS where
liquid chromatography is attached to spectrometry together with electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (Villas-Boas et al. 2005). LC–
MS can analyse and identify huge number of non-volatile compounds even in
smaller quantities. Nuclear magnetic resonance (
1 H NMR) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) are other methods utilized in the validation, characterization and
separation of active compounds (Sharma and Paliwal 2013).
2.2 Bioactive Natural Compounds: Distribution
and Geographical Sources
Table 2.1 has 251 plants species belonging to 98 genera and 56 families distributed in
virtually 96 different continents and countries across the planet which includes
Africa, Algeria, America, Asia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cameroon, central America,
China, Chinese medicines, Cuba, east Asia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, India
(Ayurveda), India (Ayurveda, Unani), India (Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and homeopathy), Japan, Ivory Coast, Iraq, Iran, Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Korea, Laos, Latin
America, Marshall Islands, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Malaysia, New Guinea,
Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua, Paraguay, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sierra
Leone, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Senegal, South East Asia, Nepal, Sri lanka,
Sudan, South East Asian Countries,Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tobago, Togo,
Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad, Turkey, Uganda, Vietnam, West Indies. Of the 98
genera given, some have more than 8 species giving different biological activity.
Eighteen (18) species were observed in Ficus, 14 in Artemisia, 11 in Terminalia,
while Cinnamomum, Phyllanthus and Ziziphus with 9 each and Acacia and Zizigium
with 8 each in that order. Of the 18 species in the Ficus genus, the most prominent and
important species are, Ficus elastic, Ficus benghalensis and F. hispida. Indian
Banyan tree also known as F. benghalensis is a frequent used plant to avert most
illness diabetes inclusive (Jaya Kumari et al. 2016) and is used in folk medicines,
Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha (Gopukumar and Praseetha 2015), and homeopathy (Deepa
et al. 2018). F. benghalensis, F. glomerata, F. carica, F. glumosa, F. religiosa and
44
T. Ahmadu and K. Ahmad