18.8 Conclusion and Future Direction
Physico-chemical properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, porosity,
cell adhesion property, cytocompactibility etc. make natural biomaterial an excellent choice for fabrication of scaffolds for CTE. However, natural biomaterials may
require to be tuned up for mechanical integrity and electrical coupling for mitigating
native cardiac tissue. Such tuning requires generation of hybrid or composite biomaterials with nanomaterials or synthetic polymers. Conversely, natural polymers
are commonly used for biofunctionalization of synthetic biomaterials and
improving their hydrophilicity, cell adhesion property and biocompatibility. Newer
scaffold fabrication techniques such as 3D printing, prototyping and microfabrication technology are also being developed which allows generation of aligned and
anisotropic heart tissue.
Since the first description of engineered heart tissue nearly two decades ago,
various research groups have also developed methods of cultivating contractile 3D
cardiac grafts. These cardiac grafts displayed functional and morphological properties of native tissue and upon grafting, they integrated into native tissue to
improve the cardiac function. However, despite progressive improvements, several
critical challenges such as identification of the best cell source and biofabrication
technique for generation of 3D vascularised tissue constructs exist. Furthermore,
automation and standardization are also needed for translation of the technology
from laboratory animals to human.
References
Ahn JI, Kuffova L, Merrett K, Mitra D, Forrester JV, Li F, Griffith M (2013) Crosslinked collagen
hydrogels as corneal implants: effects of sterically bulky vs. non-bulky carbodiimides as
crosslinkers. Acta Biomater 9:7796–7805
Alaribe FN, Manoto SL, Motaung SCKM (2016) Scaffolds from biomaterials: advantages and
limitations in bone and tissue engineering. Biologia 71:353–366
Albanna MZ, Bou-Akl TH, Walters HL 3rd, Matthew HW (2012) Improving the mechanical
properties of chitosan-based heart valve scaffolds using chitosan fibers. J Mech Behav Biomed
Mater 5:171–180
Alonzo M, AnilKumar S, Roman B, Tasnim N, Joddar B (2019) 3D Bioprinting of cardiac tissue
and cardiac stem cell therapy. Transl Res 211:64–83
Altman GH, Diaz F, Jakuba C, Calabro T, Horan RL, Chen J, Lu H, Richmond J, Kaplan DL
(2003) Silk-based biomaterials. Biomaterials 24:401–416
Augst AD, Kong HJ, Mooney DJ (2006) Alginate hydrogels as biomaterials. Macromol Biosci
6:623–633
Baei P, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Rajabi-Zeleti S, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Baharvand H, Aghdami N
(2016) Electrically conductive gold nanoparticle-chitosan thermosensitive hydrogels for
cardiac tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 63:131–141
Bagdadi AV, Safari M, Dubey P, Basnett P, Sofokleous P, Humphrey E, Locke I, Edirisinghe M,
Terracciano C, Boccaccini AR, Knowles JC, Harding SE, Roy I (2016) Poly
(3-hydroxyoctanoate), a promising new material for cardiac tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng
Regen Med
634
P. Pushp and M. K. Gupta
Physico-chemical properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, porosity,
cell adhesion property, cytocompactibility etc. make natural biomaterial an excellent choice for fabrication of scaffolds for CTE. However, natural biomaterials may
require to be tuned up for mechanical integrity and electrical coupling for mitigating
native cardiac tissue. Such tuning requires generation of hybrid or composite biomaterials with nanomaterials or synthetic polymers. Conversely, natural polymers
are commonly used for biofunctionalization of synthetic biomaterials and
improving their hydrophilicity, cell adhesion property and biocompatibility. Newer
scaffold fabrication techniques such as 3D printing, prototyping and microfabrication technology are also being developed which allows generation of aligned and
anisotropic heart tissue.
Since the first description of engineered heart tissue nearly two decades ago,
various research groups have also developed methods of cultivating contractile 3D
cardiac grafts. These cardiac grafts displayed functional and morphological properties of native tissue and upon grafting, they integrated into native tissue to
improve the cardiac function. However, despite progressive improvements, several
critical challenges such as identification of the best cell source and biofabrication
technique for generation of 3D vascularised tissue constructs exist. Furthermore,
automation and standardization are also needed for translation of the technology
from laboratory animals to human.
References
Ahn JI, Kuffova L, Merrett K, Mitra D, Forrester JV, Li F, Griffith M (2013) Crosslinked collagen
hydrogels as corneal implants: effects of sterically bulky vs. non-bulky carbodiimides as
crosslinkers. Acta Biomater 9:7796–7805
Alaribe FN, Manoto SL, Motaung SCKM (2016) Scaffolds from biomaterials: advantages and
limitations in bone and tissue engineering. Biologia 71:353–366
Albanna MZ, Bou-Akl TH, Walters HL 3rd, Matthew HW (2012) Improving the mechanical
properties of chitosan-based heart valve scaffolds using chitosan fibers. J Mech Behav Biomed
Mater 5:171–180
Alonzo M, AnilKumar S, Roman B, Tasnim N, Joddar B (2019) 3D Bioprinting of cardiac tissue
and cardiac stem cell therapy. Transl Res 211:64–83
Altman GH, Diaz F, Jakuba C, Calabro T, Horan RL, Chen J, Lu H, Richmond J, Kaplan DL
(2003) Silk-based biomaterials. Biomaterials 24:401–416
Augst AD, Kong HJ, Mooney DJ (2006) Alginate hydrogels as biomaterials. Macromol Biosci
6:623–633
Baei P, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Rajabi-Zeleti S, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Baharvand H, Aghdami N
(2016) Electrically conductive gold nanoparticle-chitosan thermosensitive hydrogels for
cardiac tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 63:131–141
Bagdadi AV, Safari M, Dubey P, Basnett P, Sofokleous P, Humphrey E, Locke I, Edirisinghe M,
Terracciano C, Boccaccini AR, Knowles JC, Harding SE, Roy I (2016) Poly
(3-hydroxyoctanoate), a promising new material for cardiac tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng
Regen Med
634
P. Pushp and M. K. Gupta