CD133
+ cells loaded on collagen patch (Joshi et al. 2018). Zhang et al. (2013)
microfabricated chitosan-collagen scaffold with micropores (200 µm) by using an
array of parallel channel designed for CTE. The parallel channels enhanced oxygen
transport, established cell to cell contact and improved cell alignment and elongation. Another way to improve number of stem cell growth on collagen matrix is
to conjugate it with anti-Sca-1 monoclonal antibody (Shi et al. 2011).
Collagen has also been used in combination with other natural polymers such as
glycosaminoglycan, gelatin or Matrigel™ to have a synergistic effect (Kleinman
and Martin 2005). Transplantation of MSCs in collagen-glycosaminoglycan composite to the infarct region induced neovascularisation at the site of the infarct and
increased MSCs in both the scaffold and the heart wall (Qu et al. 2018). The
structural integrity and bio-stability of collagen can be improved by cross-linking of
with gluteraldehyde (GA), dimethylaminopropyl-ethlcabodiimide (EDC) (Ahn
et al. 2013) glyoxal, b-glycerophosphate (Wang et al. 2013b), malic acid derivatives (Saito et al. 2008), dendrimers (Duan and Sheardown 2005), diamine and
diaminohexane (McKegney et al. 2001), formaldehyde, genipin, and carbodiimide
hydrochloride (EDAC) (Madhavan et al. 2010).
18.3.2 Gelatin
Gelatin is generally formed by thermal denaturation or partial hydrolysis of
animal-derived collagen I. Thus, it has been used in CTE to promote cellular
attachment and their integration into the infracted heart. It can also be blended with
other natural polymers such as gelatine. A blend of alginate/gelatin in 20:80 has
been successfully used for fabrication of scaffolds for CTE (Rosellini et al. 2009).
In another study, Ravichandran et al. (2013a) have electrospun nanofibrous tissue
construct by using a blend of gelatin, hemoglobin and fibrinogen and seeding them
with 5-azacytidine-treated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The developed cardiac
tissue construct was shown to provide superior biological and functional effects and
high oxygen carrying potential for CTE. Combination of chitosan-agarose-gelatin
(Bhat and Kumar 2012) and fibrinogen-gelatin (Balasubramanian et al. 2013)
composite nanofibers was also shown to enhance the proliferation of CMs and
expression of functional cardiac proteins such as a-actinin, troponin I, connexin-43
and myosin heavy chain.
The gelatine has also been combined with synthetic biomaterials for growing
aligned CM with improved contractility. Composite of gelatine with polyglycerol
sebacate (PGS) could be used to develop an hybrid scaffold which allowed aligned
cell proliferation and resulted into well-defined anisotropy with enhanced contractibility of the CMs (Kharaziha et al. 2013). Aligned patterned 3D bioprinted
gelatin hydrogel with synchronized beating of CMs, differentiated from MSCs, has
also been reported (Tijore et al. 2018).
18 Cardiac Tissue Engineering: A Role for Natural Biomaterials
623
+ cells loaded on collagen patch (Joshi et al. 2018). Zhang et al. (2013)
microfabricated chitosan-collagen scaffold with micropores (200 µm) by using an
array of parallel channel designed for CTE. The parallel channels enhanced oxygen
transport, established cell to cell contact and improved cell alignment and elongation. Another way to improve number of stem cell growth on collagen matrix is
to conjugate it with anti-Sca-1 monoclonal antibody (Shi et al. 2011).
Collagen has also been used in combination with other natural polymers such as
glycosaminoglycan, gelatin or Matrigel™ to have a synergistic effect (Kleinman
and Martin 2005). Transplantation of MSCs in collagen-glycosaminoglycan composite to the infarct region induced neovascularisation at the site of the infarct and
increased MSCs in both the scaffold and the heart wall (Qu et al. 2018). The
structural integrity and bio-stability of collagen can be improved by cross-linking of
with gluteraldehyde (GA), dimethylaminopropyl-ethlcabodiimide (EDC) (Ahn
et al. 2013) glyoxal, b-glycerophosphate (Wang et al. 2013b), malic acid derivatives (Saito et al. 2008), dendrimers (Duan and Sheardown 2005), diamine and
diaminohexane (McKegney et al. 2001), formaldehyde, genipin, and carbodiimide
hydrochloride (EDAC) (Madhavan et al. 2010).
18.3.2 Gelatin
Gelatin is generally formed by thermal denaturation or partial hydrolysis of
animal-derived collagen I. Thus, it has been used in CTE to promote cellular
attachment and their integration into the infracted heart. It can also be blended with
other natural polymers such as gelatine. A blend of alginate/gelatin in 20:80 has
been successfully used for fabrication of scaffolds for CTE (Rosellini et al. 2009).
In another study, Ravichandran et al. (2013a) have electrospun nanofibrous tissue
construct by using a blend of gelatin, hemoglobin and fibrinogen and seeding them
with 5-azacytidine-treated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The developed cardiac
tissue construct was shown to provide superior biological and functional effects and
high oxygen carrying potential for CTE. Combination of chitosan-agarose-gelatin
(Bhat and Kumar 2012) and fibrinogen-gelatin (Balasubramanian et al. 2013)
composite nanofibers was also shown to enhance the proliferation of CMs and
expression of functional cardiac proteins such as a-actinin, troponin I, connexin-43
and myosin heavy chain.
The gelatine has also been combined with synthetic biomaterials for growing
aligned CM with improved contractility. Composite of gelatine with polyglycerol
sebacate (PGS) could be used to develop an hybrid scaffold which allowed aligned
cell proliferation and resulted into well-defined anisotropy with enhanced contractibility of the CMs (Kharaziha et al. 2013). Aligned patterned 3D bioprinted
gelatin hydrogel with synchronized beating of CMs, differentiated from MSCs, has
also been reported (Tijore et al. 2018).
18 Cardiac Tissue Engineering: A Role for Natural Biomaterials
623