enhanced both humoral and cell-mediated immunity (Zou et al. 2010). Picracin and
deacetylbaccatin isolated from P. scrophulariiflora has antiproliferative effects and
inhibited proliferation of T-cells that inhibits the release of IL-2 and subsequent
IL-2-IL-2 receptor interaction. Picracin inhibited the release of PINFLC such as
IL-1b and TNFa in human monocytes, whereas deacetylbaccatin failed to do so.
Moreover, systemic administration of both picracin and deacetylbaccatin decreased
paw edema, suggesting its immunosuppressive activity. These compounds have
dualistic effects and can induce an inflammatory response on local administration
whereas an immunosuppressive effect on systemic administration.
6.3.16 Syzygium Aromaticum (Family: Myrtaceae)
This plant is commonly known as clove and used as a spice and commercially
found in Indonesia, as well as in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Comoro Islands,
Madagascar, Seychelles, and Tanzania. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is a
phenolic compound representing the most important component of the clove.
Eugenol inhibits IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-10 production and exerts an efficient action
with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge for cytokines. Eugenol affects IL-1b
production but inhibits IL-6 and IL-10 production. The action of eugenol on IL-6
production prevented efficient effects of LPS either before or after its addition,
whereas on IL-10 production it counteracted significantly LPS action when added
after LPS incubation (Bachiega et al. 2012).
6.3.17 Terminalia Arjuna (Family: Combretaceae)
This plant is commonly Arjuna found in the Pantropical region. T. arjuna is commonly used in the traditional medicinal system to treat cardiac ailments. Treatment
of peritoneal macrophages with various doses of T. arjuna methanolic bark extracts
and gemmo-modified (embryonic tissue) extracts increased its phagocytic potential
as evaluated by increased sheep red blood cells (sRBC) engulfed by macrophages.
Both the extracts also enhanced the antibody-mediated humoral immune response
and cell-mediated phagocytosis. This immunomodulatory property of the T. arjuna
extract is attributed to the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids (Chiang et al.
2003). Polyphenols attenuate PINFLCs, MMPs, SOCS3 and downregulate TLR2
and NLRP1-an inflammasome component-and upregulate AINFLCs, thus inhibiting
the proliferation of lymphocytes and reducing the activity of NK cells (Jung et al.
2012). In a study, the T. arjuna extracts significantly decreased formalin-induced
paw edema due to its anti-inflammatory properties (Halder et al. 2009). Arjunolic
acid a triterpene is a strong cardioprotective and antioxidant in rat models. Ethanolic
extracts of T. arjuna decreases the level of endothelin-1 and INFLCs like IL-6 and
TNF-a in diabetic rats (Khaliq et al. 2013).
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V. K. Gurjar and D. Pal
deacetylbaccatin isolated from P. scrophulariiflora has antiproliferative effects and
inhibited proliferation of T-cells that inhibits the release of IL-2 and subsequent
IL-2-IL-2 receptor interaction. Picracin inhibited the release of PINFLC such as
IL-1b and TNFa in human monocytes, whereas deacetylbaccatin failed to do so.
Moreover, systemic administration of both picracin and deacetylbaccatin decreased
paw edema, suggesting its immunosuppressive activity. These compounds have
dualistic effects and can induce an inflammatory response on local administration
whereas an immunosuppressive effect on systemic administration.
6.3.16 Syzygium Aromaticum (Family: Myrtaceae)
This plant is commonly known as clove and used as a spice and commercially
found in Indonesia, as well as in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Comoro Islands,
Madagascar, Seychelles, and Tanzania. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is a
phenolic compound representing the most important component of the clove.
Eugenol inhibits IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-10 production and exerts an efficient action
with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge for cytokines. Eugenol affects IL-1b
production but inhibits IL-6 and IL-10 production. The action of eugenol on IL-6
production prevented efficient effects of LPS either before or after its addition,
whereas on IL-10 production it counteracted significantly LPS action when added
after LPS incubation (Bachiega et al. 2012).
6.3.17 Terminalia Arjuna (Family: Combretaceae)
This plant is commonly Arjuna found in the Pantropical region. T. arjuna is commonly used in the traditional medicinal system to treat cardiac ailments. Treatment
of peritoneal macrophages with various doses of T. arjuna methanolic bark extracts
and gemmo-modified (embryonic tissue) extracts increased its phagocytic potential
as evaluated by increased sheep red blood cells (sRBC) engulfed by macrophages.
Both the extracts also enhanced the antibody-mediated humoral immune response
and cell-mediated phagocytosis. This immunomodulatory property of the T. arjuna
extract is attributed to the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids (Chiang et al.
2003). Polyphenols attenuate PINFLCs, MMPs, SOCS3 and downregulate TLR2
and NLRP1-an inflammasome component-and upregulate AINFLCs, thus inhibiting
the proliferation of lymphocytes and reducing the activity of NK cells (Jung et al.
2012). In a study, the T. arjuna extracts significantly decreased formalin-induced
paw edema due to its anti-inflammatory properties (Halder et al. 2009). Arjunolic
acid a triterpene is a strong cardioprotective and antioxidant in rat models. Ethanolic
extracts of T. arjuna decreases the level of endothelin-1 and INFLCs like IL-6 and
TNF-a in diabetic rats (Khaliq et al. 2013).
246
V. K. Gurjar and D. Pal