the immunity against several diseases (Nahak and Sahu 2014). A study demonstrates that O. sanctum rise a innate immune system against A. hydrophilia contamination and increases the total Ig count and lysosomal action, and having a
specific activity on biochemical and hematological parameters (Das et al. 2015).
The immunostimulatory property of the leaf extract is likely owing to the presence
of bioactive constituents like methyleugenol, eugenol, ursolic acid, caryophyllene,
salrigenin and oleanolic acid (Mukherjee et al. 2005). The aqueous leaf extracts
exhibit immunomodulatory property in subclinical trails in bovines and rise the
count and action of lymphocytes and neutrophils and decrease the count of bacteria.
O. sanctum regulates several cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-2 and IFN-c, at the time
of S. typhimurium contamination which blocks bacterial population and is required
for stimulation of macrophages and therefore supporting unproductive clearance of
the organism (Goel et al. 2010). Oil of O. sanctum seed modulates both humoral
and cell-mediated immune reactions induced by the GABAergic pathway
(Vaghasiya et al. 2010). It increases the count of antibody, number of RBCs,
WBCs, and hemoglobin (Jeba et al. 2011). It exhibits free radical scavenging
activity and restricts certain categories of cancer cell growth. The active component
of ursolic acid show anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity and block COX
enzyme action. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts O. sanctum shows antitumor
activity and decreases the size of Sarcoma-180 solid tumors (Prashar et al. 1998).
6.3.14 Panax Ginseng (Family: Araliaceae)
This plant is commonly known as Ginseng found in Asia. Panax ginseng is a
well-known traditional medicine and immunomodulator. The main isolated components are saponins, polyphenolic compounds, polyacetylenes, triterpenoids, etc.
Root, stem, and leaves are commonly made use of to boost the immune system.
Ginseng extracts containing polysaccharides increased the phagocytic activity of
macrophages. On treatment with red ginseng acidic polysaccharides (RGAPs),
peritoneal macrophages showed increased phagocytic activity (Shin et al. 2002).
Ginseng enhances the generation of NO from activated peritoneal macrophages and
RAW 264.7 cells that aids in microbe clearance. Co-treatment of macrophages with
RGAPs and IFN-c further leads to an increase in the production of IL-1b, TNF-a,
and NO (Choi et al. 2008). Polysaccharides obtained from P. ginseng enhanced the
excretion of factors like TNF-a and IL-1b from macrophages in-vitro (Lim et al.
2002). Treatment of murine macrophage cells J774A.1 with ginseng extract
increased the production of IL-12 (Wang et al. 2003). P. ginseng also has
immunostimulatory effects on DCs (Kim et al. 2009). Administration of ginseng
aqueous extracts has immunostimulatory effects on NK cells in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice (Jie et al. 1984; Kim et al 1990) A study
using blood samples of immunodeficient patients (AIDS and chronic fatigue syndrome) showed that P. ginseng enhanced the NK cell activity in PBMCs (See et al.
1997). The metabolic end products (M1 and M4) of steroidal ginseng saponin, can
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specific activity on biochemical and hematological parameters (Das et al. 2015).
The immunostimulatory property of the leaf extract is likely owing to the presence
of bioactive constituents like methyleugenol, eugenol, ursolic acid, caryophyllene,
salrigenin and oleanolic acid (Mukherjee et al. 2005). The aqueous leaf extracts
exhibit immunomodulatory property in subclinical trails in bovines and rise the
count and action of lymphocytes and neutrophils and decrease the count of bacteria.
O. sanctum regulates several cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-2 and IFN-c, at the time
of S. typhimurium contamination which blocks bacterial population and is required
for stimulation of macrophages and therefore supporting unproductive clearance of
the organism (Goel et al. 2010). Oil of O. sanctum seed modulates both humoral
and cell-mediated immune reactions induced by the GABAergic pathway
(Vaghasiya et al. 2010). It increases the count of antibody, number of RBCs,
WBCs, and hemoglobin (Jeba et al. 2011). It exhibits free radical scavenging
activity and restricts certain categories of cancer cell growth. The active component
of ursolic acid show anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity and block COX
enzyme action. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts O. sanctum shows antitumor
activity and decreases the size of Sarcoma-180 solid tumors (Prashar et al. 1998).
6.3.14 Panax Ginseng (Family: Araliaceae)
This plant is commonly known as Ginseng found in Asia. Panax ginseng is a
well-known traditional medicine and immunomodulator. The main isolated components are saponins, polyphenolic compounds, polyacetylenes, triterpenoids, etc.
Root, stem, and leaves are commonly made use of to boost the immune system.
Ginseng extracts containing polysaccharides increased the phagocytic activity of
macrophages. On treatment with red ginseng acidic polysaccharides (RGAPs),
peritoneal macrophages showed increased phagocytic activity (Shin et al. 2002).
Ginseng enhances the generation of NO from activated peritoneal macrophages and
RAW 264.7 cells that aids in microbe clearance. Co-treatment of macrophages with
RGAPs and IFN-c further leads to an increase in the production of IL-1b, TNF-a,
and NO (Choi et al. 2008). Polysaccharides obtained from P. ginseng enhanced the
excretion of factors like TNF-a and IL-1b from macrophages in-vitro (Lim et al.
2002). Treatment of murine macrophage cells J774A.1 with ginseng extract
increased the production of IL-12 (Wang et al. 2003). P. ginseng also has
immunostimulatory effects on DCs (Kim et al. 2009). Administration of ginseng
aqueous extracts has immunostimulatory effects on NK cells in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice (Jie et al. 1984; Kim et al 1990) A study
using blood samples of immunodeficient patients (AIDS and chronic fatigue syndrome) showed that P. ginseng enhanced the NK cell activity in PBMCs (See et al.
1997). The metabolic end products (M1 and M4) of steroidal ginseng saponin, can
244
V. K. Gurjar and D. Pal