6.3.7 Clerodendrum Splendens (Family: Lamiaceae)
This plant is commonly known as Flaming Glorybower, Pagoda Flower, Bleeding
Heart Vine and found in tropical Western Africa. The type II arabinogalactan
isolated from Clerodendrum splendens exhibited potent immunomodulatory
activity. Specifically, the high molecular weight monosaccharides induced NO and
cytokine [interleukin (IL)-1a, -1b, -6, -10], TNF-a, and GM-CSF production by
human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocyte/macrophages.
CSP-AU1-induced secretion of TNF prevented by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)
antagonist LPS-RS, indicating a role for TLR4 signaling. It also induced phosphorylation of many MAPKs in human PBMC and activated AP-1/NF-jB. In-vivo
administration in mice resulted in increased serum IL-6, IL-10, TNF, monocyte
chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1a/
CCL3, and MIP-1b/CCL4. It also significantly reduced disease severity in this
experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Levels of IL-13, TNF, interferon (IFN)-c,
IL-17, and GM-CSF also significantly decreased, whereas transforming growth
factor (TGF)-b increased in LN cells in mice (Kouakou et al. 2013).
6.3.8 Curcuma Longa (Family: Zingiberaceae)
This plant is commonly known as Turmeric mainly found in Southeast Asia. The
main bioactive compounds isolated from C. longa are Curcuminoids, sesquiterpenoids, and turmerones. The active component curcuminoid, a mixture of
demethoxycurcumin, curcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, having antiinflammatory activity. It has various activity and block COX-2 (Plummer et al.
1999) and stimulating factor NF-jB (Singh and Aggarwal 1995). Extracts of
C. longa increases the action of NK cells and increases the amount of TNF-a and
IL-6 (Xia et al. 2006). It also regulates the propagation and sensitivity of NK cells
macrophages, lymphocytes, and DCs (Jagetia and Aggarwal 2007). Curcumin
exhibits immunosuppressive activity and blocks PMA propagation of human
spleen-derived lymphocytes and IL-2, accountable for leading this circulation
(Ranjan et al. 2004). Immunosuppressive activity of curcumin also examines in
human PBMCs, where it blocks expression of NF-jB, IL-2 and PHA-induced
propagation (Yadav et al. 2005). Curcumin also influences the phosphantigenmediated human Vc9Vd2 T cell propagation (Cipriani et al. 2001). Polar extracts of
C. longa primarily contain polysaccharides (lack curcuminoids) that have mitogenic
activity and increases the splenocytes count equivalent to LPS and ConA. The
NR-INF-02 increases the IFN-c, TNF-a, NO, IL-2, IL-6 and MCP-1 in deactivated
splenocytes and murine macrophages (Chandrasekaran et al. 2013).
6 Natural Compounds Extracted from Medicinal Plants …
241
This plant is commonly known as Flaming Glorybower, Pagoda Flower, Bleeding
Heart Vine and found in tropical Western Africa. The type II arabinogalactan
isolated from Clerodendrum splendens exhibited potent immunomodulatory
activity. Specifically, the high molecular weight monosaccharides induced NO and
cytokine [interleukin (IL)-1a, -1b, -6, -10], TNF-a, and GM-CSF production by
human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocyte/macrophages.
CSP-AU1-induced secretion of TNF prevented by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)
antagonist LPS-RS, indicating a role for TLR4 signaling. It also induced phosphorylation of many MAPKs in human PBMC and activated AP-1/NF-jB. In-vivo
administration in mice resulted in increased serum IL-6, IL-10, TNF, monocyte
chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1a/
CCL3, and MIP-1b/CCL4. It also significantly reduced disease severity in this
experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Levels of IL-13, TNF, interferon (IFN)-c,
IL-17, and GM-CSF also significantly decreased, whereas transforming growth
factor (TGF)-b increased in LN cells in mice (Kouakou et al. 2013).
6.3.8 Curcuma Longa (Family: Zingiberaceae)
This plant is commonly known as Turmeric mainly found in Southeast Asia. The
main bioactive compounds isolated from C. longa are Curcuminoids, sesquiterpenoids, and turmerones. The active component curcuminoid, a mixture of
demethoxycurcumin, curcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, having antiinflammatory activity. It has various activity and block COX-2 (Plummer et al.
1999) and stimulating factor NF-jB (Singh and Aggarwal 1995). Extracts of
C. longa increases the action of NK cells and increases the amount of TNF-a and
IL-6 (Xia et al. 2006). It also regulates the propagation and sensitivity of NK cells
macrophages, lymphocytes, and DCs (Jagetia and Aggarwal 2007). Curcumin
exhibits immunosuppressive activity and blocks PMA propagation of human
spleen-derived lymphocytes and IL-2, accountable for leading this circulation
(Ranjan et al. 2004). Immunosuppressive activity of curcumin also examines in
human PBMCs, where it blocks expression of NF-jB, IL-2 and PHA-induced
propagation (Yadav et al. 2005). Curcumin also influences the phosphantigenmediated human Vc9Vd2 T cell propagation (Cipriani et al. 2001). Polar extracts of
C. longa primarily contain polysaccharides (lack curcuminoids) that have mitogenic
activity and increases the splenocytes count equivalent to LPS and ConA. The
NR-INF-02 increases the IFN-c, TNF-a, NO, IL-2, IL-6 and MCP-1 in deactivated
splenocytes and murine macrophages (Chandrasekaran et al. 2013).
6 Natural Compounds Extracted from Medicinal Plants …
241