Table 6.2 Classification of immunomodulators (Konidena et al. 2017)
Immunosuppressants
Immunostimulants
Mechanism of action
Examples
Types
Examples
Blocking of lymphocyte
gene expression classic
(immunosuppressants)
Glucocorticoids
Vaccine
Bacillus
Calmette Guerin
(BCG)
Blocker of lymphocyte
signaling (Steroid
sparingdrugs)
a. Calcineurin
blocker
(cyclosporine,
tacrolimus)
b. mTOR inhibitors
(sirolimus,
everolimus)
Antihelminthics
Levamisole
Cytotoxic agents (Steroid
sparing drugs)
Antimetabolites
(azathioprine,
methotrexate,
leflunomid,
mycophenolate
mofetil)
Alkylating agents
(cyclophosphamide)
Thalidomide
Cytokine inhibitors
(Anticytokine-antibodies)
[Biologics]
a. TNF-a blockers
(etanercept,
infliximab,
adalimumab)
b. IL-1 blockers
(anakinra)
c. IL-2 blockers
(daclizumab,
basiliximab)
Recombinant
cytokines
Interferons (a, b,
c)
Interleukins
(aldesleukin,
des-alanyl-1,
serine 125 human
IL 2) Colony
stimulating factors
[filgrastim
(r metHuG CSF)]
Antibodies against
specific immune cell
molecules [Biologics]
a. Polyclonal
antibodies
[antithymocyte
globulin (ATG)]
b. Monoclonal
Antibodies
[alemutuzmab
(antiCD-52
antibodies)
c. Muromunab
(antiCD-3
antibodies, OKT-3)]
Isoprinosine
Blockers of immune cell
adhesion [Biologics]
Efalizumab (LFA-1
inhibitor)
Immunocynin
Tolerogens or blockers of
immune cell costimulation
Miscellaneous
Rh (D) immune
globulin
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