6.3.3
Allium Sativum (Family: Amaryllidaceae) . . . . . . . . . 237
6.3.4
Andrographis Paniculate (Family: Acanthaceae) . . . . 238
6.3.5
Azadirachta Indica (Family: Meliaceae) . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.3.6
Boerhavia Diffusa (Family: Nyctaginaceae) . . . . . . . 240
6.3.7
Clerodendrum Splendens (Family: Lamiaceae) . . . . . 241
6.3.8
Curcuma Longa (Family: Zingiberaceae) . . . . . . . . . 241
6.3.9
Cynodon Dactylon (Family: Poaceae) . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.3.10 Ficus Benghalensis (Family: Moraceae) . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.3.11 Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch (Family:
Fabaceae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.3.12 Murraya Koenigii (Family: Rutaceae) . . . . . . . . . . . 243
6.3.13 Ocimum Sanctum (Family: Lamiaceae) . . . . . . . . . . 243
6.3.14 Panax Ginseng (Family: Araliaceae) . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
6.3.15 Picrorhiza Scrophulariiflora (Family:
Scrophulariaceae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
6.3.16 Syzygium Aromaticum (Family: Myrtaceae) . . . . . . . 246
6.3.17 Terminalia Arjuna (Family: Combretaceae) . . . . . . . 246
6.3.18 Tinospora Cordifolia (Family: Menispermaceae) . . . 247
6.4
Conclusion and Future Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
7 Antibacterial and Antifungal Plant Metabolites from the Tropical
Medicinal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Luiz Everson da Silva, Camila Confortin,
and Mallappa Kumara Swamy
7.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.2
Target for Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance
Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
7.3
Tropical Plants with Relevant Antibacterial Activities . . . . . . . 269
7.4
Synergisms of Phytochemicals and Conventional
Antimicrobial Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
7.5
Antibiotic Resistance—Combination Therapy
(Antibiotic + Phytochemical/Plant Extract) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
7.6
Essential Oils with Antimicrobial Activity
from Tropical Medicinal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.7
Plant-Derived Natural Products with Antifungal Activity . . . . . 276
7.8
Fungal Resistance and Modulatory Potential of Extracts,
Fractions and Essential Oil from Tropical Medicinal
Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
7.9
Conclusions and Future Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
xiv
Contents
Allium Sativum (Family: Amaryllidaceae) . . . . . . . . . 237
6.3.4
Andrographis Paniculate (Family: Acanthaceae) . . . . 238
6.3.5
Azadirachta Indica (Family: Meliaceae) . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.3.6
Boerhavia Diffusa (Family: Nyctaginaceae) . . . . . . . 240
6.3.7
Clerodendrum Splendens (Family: Lamiaceae) . . . . . 241
6.3.8
Curcuma Longa (Family: Zingiberaceae) . . . . . . . . . 241
6.3.9
Cynodon Dactylon (Family: Poaceae) . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.3.10 Ficus Benghalensis (Family: Moraceae) . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.3.11 Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch (Family:
Fabaceae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.3.12 Murraya Koenigii (Family: Rutaceae) . . . . . . . . . . . 243
6.3.13 Ocimum Sanctum (Family: Lamiaceae) . . . . . . . . . . 243
6.3.14 Panax Ginseng (Family: Araliaceae) . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
6.3.15 Picrorhiza Scrophulariiflora (Family:
Scrophulariaceae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
6.3.16 Syzygium Aromaticum (Family: Myrtaceae) . . . . . . . 246
6.3.17 Terminalia Arjuna (Family: Combretaceae) . . . . . . . 246
6.3.18 Tinospora Cordifolia (Family: Menispermaceae) . . . 247
6.4
Conclusion and Future Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
7 Antibacterial and Antifungal Plant Metabolites from the Tropical
Medicinal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Luiz Everson da Silva, Camila Confortin,
and Mallappa Kumara Swamy
7.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.2
Target for Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance
Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
7.3
Tropical Plants with Relevant Antibacterial Activities . . . . . . . 269
7.4
Synergisms of Phytochemicals and Conventional
Antimicrobial Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
7.5
Antibiotic Resistance—Combination Therapy
(Antibiotic + Phytochemical/Plant Extract) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
7.6
Essential Oils with Antimicrobial Activity
from Tropical Medicinal Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.7
Plant-Derived Natural Products with Antifungal Activity . . . . . 276
7.8
Fungal Resistance and Modulatory Potential of Extracts,
Fractions and Essential Oil from Tropical Medicinal
Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
7.9
Conclusions and Future Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
xiv
Contents