450
M. Kaya et al.
Table 1 Inorganic and
organic acids molecular
structure and properties used
in this study Adapted from [6,
7]
Acids
Molecular structure
Common inorganic acids
Name: Hydrochloric
acid (monoprotic acid)
Formula: HCl
Molecular mass:
36.46 g/mol
Density: 1.18 g/cm 3
Acidity constant: >1.10 7
(pK a : −7)
Name: Sulphuric acid
(polyprotic acid)
Formula: H 2 SO 4
Molecular mass:
98.079 g/mol
Density: 1.83 g/cm 3
Acidity constant: 1 × 10 2
and 1 × 10 −2 (pK a : −2)
Name: Nitric acid
(monoprotic acid)
Formula: HNO 3
Molecular mass:
63.01 g/mol
Density: 1.512 g/cm 3
Acidity constant: 2.3 ×
10 1 (pK a : 1.3)
Heteroatom inorganic acids
Name: Citric acid—(CA)
Formula: C 6 H 8 O 7
Molecular mass:
192.12 g/mol
Density: 1.66 g/cm 3
Solubility in water:
133 g/100 mL at 20 °C
Acidity constant: 8.4 ×
10 −4 (pK a1 : 3.13)
Name: Malic
acid—(MA)
Formula: C 4 H 6 O 5
Molecular mass:
134.09 g/mol
Density: 1.609 g/cm 3
Solubility in water:
55.8 g/100 mL at 20 °C
Acidity constant: 3.9 ×
10 −4
(continued)