348
E. Jak et al.
Concluding Statements
Advances in the research methodologies used in high-temperature phase equilibrium studies, improved experimental measurement techniques, and the integration
of experimental and thermodynamic database studies have resulted in:
• significant increases in the ranges of process conditions temperature, oxygen and
sulfur partial pressures, that can be characterized,
• considerable extension of the number and complexity of chemical systems that
can be characterized, and
• improvements in the accuracy of the thermodynamic databases relevant to lead
smelting and refining systems.
These fundamental studies have led to the development of sophisticated thermodynamic databases that can be used to predict the outcomes of high-temperature
reactions. These databases are particularly important for the optimization of complex process flowsheets that contain multi-element, multi-phase separation systems.
The development of these databases is particularly relevant to lead smelting and
refining technologies, which are increasingly used as a means of recovering and
recycling metals form the end of life of electrical and electronic devices. In these
processes, elemental separation can be achieved through the controlled partitioning
between gas—slag—matte—metal—speiss—solid phases.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the financial support and technical guidance by the
consortium of lead producers: Aurubis, Kazzinc, Glencore, Umicore, Nystar, Peñoles, and Boliden
through Australian Research Council Linkage program, LP180100028. The experimental studies
cited here would not be possible without the facilities and technical assistance of the Australian
Microscopy and Microanalysis Research Facility at the Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis,
The University of Queensland. Dr. Charlotte Allen at the Centre of Analytical Research Facilities
at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, provided valuable contribution to the
development of the LAICPMS technique.
References
1. Hayes PC, Schlesinger ME, Steil H-U, Siegmund A (2010) Lead smelter survey. In: Lead-zinc
2010, TMS, Warrendale, pp 345–413
2. Jak E, Hayes PC (2010) Phase chemistry of lead smelting slags. In: Lead-zinc 2010, TMS,
Warrendale, pp 1161–1176
3. Jak E, Shevchenko M, Shishin D, Hayes PC (2020) Review of phase equilibria in lead smelting
and refining systems, Submitted to JOM
4. Jak E, Hidayat T, Shishin D, Prostakova V, Shevchenko M, Hayes PC (2019) Complex
copper pyrometallurgy challenges and opportunities—integrated experimental phase equilibria and thermodynamic modelling research and implementation. In: Copper ’19 conference,
Vancouver, Canada, TMS, Warrendale
5. Shishin D, Hayes PC, Jak E (2019) Development and applications of thermodynamic database
in copper smelting. In: Copper ’19. Vancouver, Canada, COM, Met Soc CIM, Montreal
E. Jak et al.
Concluding Statements
Advances in the research methodologies used in high-temperature phase equilibrium studies, improved experimental measurement techniques, and the integration
of experimental and thermodynamic database studies have resulted in:
• significant increases in the ranges of process conditions temperature, oxygen and
sulfur partial pressures, that can be characterized,
• considerable extension of the number and complexity of chemical systems that
can be characterized, and
• improvements in the accuracy of the thermodynamic databases relevant to lead
smelting and refining systems.
These fundamental studies have led to the development of sophisticated thermodynamic databases that can be used to predict the outcomes of high-temperature
reactions. These databases are particularly important for the optimization of complex process flowsheets that contain multi-element, multi-phase separation systems.
The development of these databases is particularly relevant to lead smelting and
refining technologies, which are increasingly used as a means of recovering and
recycling metals form the end of life of electrical and electronic devices. In these
processes, elemental separation can be achieved through the controlled partitioning
between gas—slag—matte—metal—speiss—solid phases.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the financial support and technical guidance by the
consortium of lead producers: Aurubis, Kazzinc, Glencore, Umicore, Nystar, Peñoles, and Boliden
through Australian Research Council Linkage program, LP180100028. The experimental studies
cited here would not be possible without the facilities and technical assistance of the Australian
Microscopy and Microanalysis Research Facility at the Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis,
The University of Queensland. Dr. Charlotte Allen at the Centre of Analytical Research Facilities
at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, provided valuable contribution to the
development of the LAICPMS technique.
References
1. Hayes PC, Schlesinger ME, Steil H-U, Siegmund A (2010) Lead smelter survey. In: Lead-zinc
2010, TMS, Warrendale, pp 345–413
2. Jak E, Hayes PC (2010) Phase chemistry of lead smelting slags. In: Lead-zinc 2010, TMS,
Warrendale, pp 1161–1176
3. Jak E, Shevchenko M, Shishin D, Hayes PC (2020) Review of phase equilibria in lead smelting
and refining systems, Submitted to JOM
4. Jak E, Hidayat T, Shishin D, Prostakova V, Shevchenko M, Hayes PC (2019) Complex
copper pyrometallurgy challenges and opportunities—integrated experimental phase equilibria and thermodynamic modelling research and implementation. In: Copper ’19 conference,
Vancouver, Canada, TMS, Warrendale
5. Shishin D, Hayes PC, Jak E (2019) Development and applications of thermodynamic database
in copper smelting. In: Copper ’19. Vancouver, Canada, COM, Met Soc CIM, Montreal