Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
2 Production of Advanced Materials in Molten Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
2.1 Inert Molten Salt Synthesis Methods of Carbon Nanostructures . . .
6
2.2 Reactive Molten Salt Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures . . . . . . .
8
2.2.1 Interactions Between Molten Salts and Solid
Carbonaceous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
2.2.2 Capture and Conversion of CO 2 in Molten Salts . . . . . . . .
9
2.2.3 Molten Salt Reduction of Graphene Oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 Interaction of Molten Salts with Graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1 Thermal Analysis of Pristine Graphite Powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Thermal Analysis of Lithium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3 Thermal Analysis of the Graphite–LiCl Mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4 X-Ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.5 Effect of Molten Salts on the Graphitization Degree
of Carbon Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.6 Effect of Molten LiCl on the Microstructure of Graphite . . . . . . . . 29
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4 Cathodic Exfoliation of Graphite in Molten Salt Electrolytes . . . . . . 37
4.1 Molten Salt Production of Carbon Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2 Production of Graphene in Molten LiCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3 Production of Graphene in Molten NaCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.4 Molten Salt Preparation of Metal-Filled Carbon Nanostructures . . . 48
4.5 Molten Salt Preparation of Interconnected Graphene—Carbon
Nanoscrolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
vii
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
2 Production of Advanced Materials in Molten Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
2.1 Inert Molten Salt Synthesis Methods of Carbon Nanostructures . . .
6
2.2 Reactive Molten Salt Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures . . . . . . .
8
2.2.1 Interactions Between Molten Salts and Solid
Carbonaceous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
2.2.2 Capture and Conversion of CO 2 in Molten Salts . . . . . . . .
9
2.2.3 Molten Salt Reduction of Graphene Oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 Interaction of Molten Salts with Graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1 Thermal Analysis of Pristine Graphite Powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Thermal Analysis of Lithium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3 Thermal Analysis of the Graphite–LiCl Mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4 X-Ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.5 Effect of Molten Salts on the Graphitization Degree
of Carbon Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.6 Effect of Molten LiCl on the Microstructure of Graphite . . . . . . . . 29
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4 Cathodic Exfoliation of Graphite in Molten Salt Electrolytes . . . . . . 37
4.1 Molten Salt Production of Carbon Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2 Production of Graphene in Molten LiCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3 Production of Graphene in Molten NaCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.4 Molten Salt Preparation of Metal-Filled Carbon Nanostructures . . . 48
4.5 Molten Salt Preparation of Interconnected Graphene—Carbon
Nanoscrolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
vii