66
S. Kakkar et al.
energy-efficient, and less toxic nature. The most commonly used microorganisms are
fungi and bacteria that have higher potential antimicrobial activity against known
pathogens. Silver nanoparticles are mainly used against the pathogenic bacteria
because silver have specific biocidal activity. Nanoparticles synthesize endophytic
fungus, Pestalotia sp, and the bacteria S. aureus and S. typhi. Pseudomonas stutzeri
AG259 was the first bacterial strain synthesized by nanoparticles (Chugh et al. 2018).
(c) Bio-imaging and disease diagnosis
Nanoparticle technology offers the possibility for characterization and imaging of
tissues, lesion, and cells. Recently, in early disease detection, nanoparticles are used
as a “biomarker”. The biogenic synthesis of these biomarkers includes the synthesis
of small peptides. These peptide biomarkers are sent into the cells at a particular
location and after that they indicate the signals whether a disease is present or not
(Campbell et al. 2019). These peptide biomarkers are also used in protein analysis,
early disease detection, and tissue imaging (Cai et al. 2011; Vu et al. 2019).
4.2 Industrial Application of Biogenic Nanoparticles
a. Nanocomposites
Nanocomposites are a type of nanoparticles in which the nanoparticles are incorporated into a matrix to improve the properties of nanoparticles. These matrixincorporated nanoparticles are termed as “nanocomposites”. The carbon nanotubes
are specific matrix materials which enhance the properties of nanoparticles (Katas
et al. 2018). Some examples of nanocomposites are:
1. Nanoshells: Nanoshells are a type of nanocomposites that absorb the heat from
infrared light and help in destroying the tumor cells.
2. Nanotubes: Nanotubes are a scaffold of polymer composites which helps in bone
and joint replacement and repairing the structures of bones.
3. Use of graphene to manufacture composites: Addition of graphene (Campbell
et al. 2019) to the composites is used to make the strong nanoparticle composites.
These manufactured composites and its components have the higher strength-toweight ratios.
b. Nanoencapsulation of flavor and aromas
Bio-nanocomposite or nanoencapsulation shows various applications in food and
food-packaging materials. Use of flavors and aromas in food helps in preserving
the food materials. Nanoencapsulation is an attractive and emerging technology that
is recently used in food industries. Nanoencapsulation technique provides specific
protection to the food compounds by essential oils, such as glycerol, phenol, and
triglycerides (Mousavi and Rezaei 2011).
S. Kakkar et al.
energy-efficient, and less toxic nature. The most commonly used microorganisms are
fungi and bacteria that have higher potential antimicrobial activity against known
pathogens. Silver nanoparticles are mainly used against the pathogenic bacteria
because silver have specific biocidal activity. Nanoparticles synthesize endophytic
fungus, Pestalotia sp, and the bacteria S. aureus and S. typhi. Pseudomonas stutzeri
AG259 was the first bacterial strain synthesized by nanoparticles (Chugh et al. 2018).
(c) Bio-imaging and disease diagnosis
Nanoparticle technology offers the possibility for characterization and imaging of
tissues, lesion, and cells. Recently, in early disease detection, nanoparticles are used
as a “biomarker”. The biogenic synthesis of these biomarkers includes the synthesis
of small peptides. These peptide biomarkers are sent into the cells at a particular
location and after that they indicate the signals whether a disease is present or not
(Campbell et al. 2019). These peptide biomarkers are also used in protein analysis,
early disease detection, and tissue imaging (Cai et al. 2011; Vu et al. 2019).
4.2 Industrial Application of Biogenic Nanoparticles
a. Nanocomposites
Nanocomposites are a type of nanoparticles in which the nanoparticles are incorporated into a matrix to improve the properties of nanoparticles. These matrixincorporated nanoparticles are termed as “nanocomposites”. The carbon nanotubes
are specific matrix materials which enhance the properties of nanoparticles (Katas
et al. 2018). Some examples of nanocomposites are:
1. Nanoshells: Nanoshells are a type of nanocomposites that absorb the heat from
infrared light and help in destroying the tumor cells.
2. Nanotubes: Nanotubes are a scaffold of polymer composites which helps in bone
and joint replacement and repairing the structures of bones.
3. Use of graphene to manufacture composites: Addition of graphene (Campbell
et al. 2019) to the composites is used to make the strong nanoparticle composites.
These manufactured composites and its components have the higher strength-toweight ratios.
b. Nanoencapsulation of flavor and aromas
Bio-nanocomposite or nanoencapsulation shows various applications in food and
food-packaging materials. Use of flavors and aromas in food helps in preserving
the food materials. Nanoencapsulation is an attractive and emerging technology that
is recently used in food industries. Nanoencapsulation technique provides specific
protection to the food compounds by essential oils, such as glycerol, phenol, and
triglycerides (Mousavi and Rezaei 2011).