442
S. Das et al.
GO
Graphene Oxide
SODIS Solar Disinfection
LED
Light Emitting Diode
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
ROS
Reactive Oxygen Species
VB
Valence Bond
CB
Conduction Band
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
UV
Ultra Violet
1 Introduction
1.1 Current Scenario of Waste Water and Multidrug-resistant
Waterborne Bacteria
Abundance of ground and surface water is the uniqueness of planet Earth in the solar
system. Origin of life and its sustainable evolution is hence possible, but unfortunately, it is a matter of concern that scarcity of consumable grade water is an age-long
problem (Malato et al. 2009; Schwarzenbach et al. 2010). In view of growing population and the need for freshwater trends, it can be forecasted that about a third of the
world’s population would be affected by illness and poverty due to global problem
of water scarcity by the year 2025 (Shannon et al. 2010). The majority of water
present in and on earth is infected with microorganisms and persistent organic pollutants (POP). In India, areas with adequate water supplies struggle for its sustainable
management while others struggle with the scarcity of pure drinking water (Ashbolt
2004; Viessman et al. 1998). Underlying this disparity in water availability is the key
to waterborne diseases. In the last 5 years, waterborne and diarrheal diseases like
cholera, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea have killed more than ten thousand people in
India, victimizing mostly infants. Disease-causing aquatic bacteria such as coliform
Escherichia coli (E. coli), Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri),
and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) are reported to cause explosive outbreaks and rapid
transmission of waterborne diseases over huge geographic spans, specifically Asia,
Africa, and South America, developing pandemics (Yang et al. 2012). The major
reasons for these outbreaks are overpopulation, unsafe hygiene and sanitation, limited fresh and drinking water sources, and tropical climatic conditions (Greer et al.
2008; Levy et al. 2016). This situation worsens more where the wastewater is contaminated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms (Delgado-Gardea et al.
2016). Water contamination also occurs due to insufficient and unskilled management of resources as well as informal discharge of sewage into the water sources.
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were employed to dispose of this waterborne
S. Das et al.
GO
Graphene Oxide
SODIS Solar Disinfection
LED
Light Emitting Diode
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
ROS
Reactive Oxygen Species
VB
Valence Bond
CB
Conduction Band
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
UV
Ultra Violet
1 Introduction
1.1 Current Scenario of Waste Water and Multidrug-resistant
Waterborne Bacteria
Abundance of ground and surface water is the uniqueness of planet Earth in the solar
system. Origin of life and its sustainable evolution is hence possible, but unfortunately, it is a matter of concern that scarcity of consumable grade water is an age-long
problem (Malato et al. 2009; Schwarzenbach et al. 2010). In view of growing population and the need for freshwater trends, it can be forecasted that about a third of the
world’s population would be affected by illness and poverty due to global problem
of water scarcity by the year 2025 (Shannon et al. 2010). The majority of water
present in and on earth is infected with microorganisms and persistent organic pollutants (POP). In India, areas with adequate water supplies struggle for its sustainable
management while others struggle with the scarcity of pure drinking water (Ashbolt
2004; Viessman et al. 1998). Underlying this disparity in water availability is the key
to waterborne diseases. In the last 5 years, waterborne and diarrheal diseases like
cholera, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea have killed more than ten thousand people in
India, victimizing mostly infants. Disease-causing aquatic bacteria such as coliform
Escherichia coli (E. coli), Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri),
and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) are reported to cause explosive outbreaks and rapid
transmission of waterborne diseases over huge geographic spans, specifically Asia,
Africa, and South America, developing pandemics (Yang et al. 2012). The major
reasons for these outbreaks are overpopulation, unsafe hygiene and sanitation, limited fresh and drinking water sources, and tropical climatic conditions (Greer et al.
2008; Levy et al. 2016). This situation worsens more where the wastewater is contaminated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms (Delgado-Gardea et al.
2016). Water contamination also occurs due to insufficient and unskilled management of resources as well as informal discharge of sewage into the water sources.
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were employed to dispose of this waterborne