386
P. Kumar
Fig. 4 The Ragone plot shows the energy storage and power handling capacity of some alternative
storage techniques. Taken for representation from https://www.mpoweruk.com/alternatives.htm
3.1 Battery
A battery consists of two or more electric cells joined together and these cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy. The cells consist of negative and positive
electrodes combined by an electrolyte. In battery, the DC electricity is generated
by the chemical reaction between the electrodes and the electrolyte. In the case of
rechargeable or secondary batteries, by reversing the current the chemical reaction
can also be reversed and the battery returned to a charged state. Large number of
materials and electrolytes were studied and that have been combined to form a battery. However, relatively only a small number of combinations has been developed
as marketable rechargeable electric batteries appropriate for use in vehicles. Several
types of batteries that include nickel cadmium, lead acid, nickel iron, nickel metal
hydride, lithium polymer and lithium-ion, sodium metal chloride, sodium sulphur,
and others have been designed to meet required duration, specific power, and energy
density.
Battery store energy through changes in their internal chemistry and understanding
of battery chemistry is required for their performance, maintenance and their limited
life, self-discharge, and reduce efficiency at higher current. When a battery discharge
through a load, the internal battery chemistry undergoes a change. To recharge a
battery, the chemical changes are reversed, and energy is again stored in the battery.
A specific amount of energy can be stored in the battery depending on the specification
of battery. A lot of research is going on to improve the basic parameters of batteries
that are reviewed briefly here.
3.1.1 Cell and Battery Voltage
In order to have desired net voltage, a number of cells are connected in series to form
a battery. Voltage across the terminal is given as
P. Kumar
Fig. 4 The Ragone plot shows the energy storage and power handling capacity of some alternative
storage techniques. Taken for representation from https://www.mpoweruk.com/alternatives.htm
3.1 Battery
A battery consists of two or more electric cells joined together and these cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy. The cells consist of negative and positive
electrodes combined by an electrolyte. In battery, the DC electricity is generated
by the chemical reaction between the electrodes and the electrolyte. In the case of
rechargeable or secondary batteries, by reversing the current the chemical reaction
can also be reversed and the battery returned to a charged state. Large number of
materials and electrolytes were studied and that have been combined to form a battery. However, relatively only a small number of combinations has been developed
as marketable rechargeable electric batteries appropriate for use in vehicles. Several
types of batteries that include nickel cadmium, lead acid, nickel iron, nickel metal
hydride, lithium polymer and lithium-ion, sodium metal chloride, sodium sulphur,
and others have been designed to meet required duration, specific power, and energy
density.
Battery store energy through changes in their internal chemistry and understanding
of battery chemistry is required for their performance, maintenance and their limited
life, self-discharge, and reduce efficiency at higher current. When a battery discharge
through a load, the internal battery chemistry undergoes a change. To recharge a
battery, the chemical changes are reversed, and energy is again stored in the battery.
A specific amount of energy can be stored in the battery depending on the specification
of battery. A lot of research is going on to improve the basic parameters of batteries
that are reviewed briefly here.
3.1.1 Cell and Battery Voltage
In order to have desired net voltage, a number of cells are connected in series to form
a battery. Voltage across the terminal is given as