228
P. Narsimha et al.
achieved at 0.37 V and identified as 36.4 mW/cm
2 whereas the highest current density was achieved at 0.29 V and identified as 120.8 mA/cm
2 . From figure, the density
of current decreases with increase in the voltage because of saturation of active sites
on the electrode (Wang et al. 2014; Xia et al. 2015).
6 Conclusion
It is found that ultrasound-assisted technique gives uniform particle size and particle
size distribution. The particle size distribution plays important role in the preparation of the energy storage devices as supercapacitor and PEM fuel cell as energy
generation device. From the capacity curves, it is found that small half circle at
large frequency and followed by a linear line at low-frequency region. In general,
at large frequency regions, a small half circle can be observed which indicates that
pore diffusion resistance of the electrode material and it can see that straight line at
low-frequency region indicates fabricated reduced graphene-SnO 2 -polyaniline electrode material is an ideal capacitor property. The durability of the Platinum–cobalt/C
cathode and performance curves in PEM fuel cell after different potential cycles
operating at cell temperature of 40 °C. Polarization curves of PEM fuel cell with
Platinum–cobalt/C cathodes exhibit a moderated degradation rate as the potential
cycling number increased measured with the H 2 –O 2 atmosphere. The open circle
voltage (OCV) of the fuel cell is 0.98 V, which is lower than the commercial Pt/C
cathode is about 1 V.
References
Abdalla AM, Hossain S, Azad AT, Petra PMI, Begum F, Eriksson SG, Azad AK (2018)
Nanomaterials for solid oxide fuel cells: a review. Renew Sust Energy Rev 82:353–368
Alfaifi BY, Ullah H, Alfaifi S, Tahir AA, Mallick TK (2018) Photoelectrochemical solar water
splitting: from basic principles to advanced devices. Veruscript Funct Nanomater 2:1–26
Bang JH, Suslick KS (2010) Applications of ultrasound to the synthesis of nanostructured materials.
Adv Mater 22(10):1039–1059
Cho DH, Lee WJ, Park SW, Wi JH, Han WS, Kim J, Cho MH, Kim D, Chung YD (2014) Nontoxically enhanced sulfur reaction for formation of chalcogenide thin films using a thermal cracker.
J Mater Chem A 2(35):14593–14599
Fan L, Zhu B, Su PC, He C (2018) Nanomaterials and technologies for low temperature solid oxide
fuel cells: recent advances, challenges and opportunities. Nano Energy 45:148–176
Guo C, Lü Q-F, Zhao H-B (2015) SnO 2 -decorated graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite for a highperformance supercapacitor electrode. J Mater Sci Technol 31:1101–1107
Kaltsa O, Gatsi I, Yanniotis S, Mandala I (2014) Influence of ultrasonication parameters on physical
characteristics of olive oil model emulsions containing xanthan. Food Bioproc Tech 7(7):2038–
2049
Lai WH, Su YH, Teoh LG, Hon MH (2008) Commercial and natural dyes as photosensitizers for a
water-based dye-sensitized solar cell loaded with gold nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol A
195(2–3):307–313
P. Narsimha et al.
achieved at 0.37 V and identified as 36.4 mW/cm
2 whereas the highest current density was achieved at 0.29 V and identified as 120.8 mA/cm
2 . From figure, the density
of current decreases with increase in the voltage because of saturation of active sites
on the electrode (Wang et al. 2014; Xia et al. 2015).
6 Conclusion
It is found that ultrasound-assisted technique gives uniform particle size and particle
size distribution. The particle size distribution plays important role in the preparation of the energy storage devices as supercapacitor and PEM fuel cell as energy
generation device. From the capacity curves, it is found that small half circle at
large frequency and followed by a linear line at low-frequency region. In general,
at large frequency regions, a small half circle can be observed which indicates that
pore diffusion resistance of the electrode material and it can see that straight line at
low-frequency region indicates fabricated reduced graphene-SnO 2 -polyaniline electrode material is an ideal capacitor property. The durability of the Platinum–cobalt/C
cathode and performance curves in PEM fuel cell after different potential cycles
operating at cell temperature of 40 °C. Polarization curves of PEM fuel cell with
Platinum–cobalt/C cathodes exhibit a moderated degradation rate as the potential
cycling number increased measured with the H 2 –O 2 atmosphere. The open circle
voltage (OCV) of the fuel cell is 0.98 V, which is lower than the commercial Pt/C
cathode is about 1 V.
References
Abdalla AM, Hossain S, Azad AT, Petra PMI, Begum F, Eriksson SG, Azad AK (2018)
Nanomaterials for solid oxide fuel cells: a review. Renew Sust Energy Rev 82:353–368
Alfaifi BY, Ullah H, Alfaifi S, Tahir AA, Mallick TK (2018) Photoelectrochemical solar water
splitting: from basic principles to advanced devices. Veruscript Funct Nanomater 2:1–26
Bang JH, Suslick KS (2010) Applications of ultrasound to the synthesis of nanostructured materials.
Adv Mater 22(10):1039–1059
Cho DH, Lee WJ, Park SW, Wi JH, Han WS, Kim J, Cho MH, Kim D, Chung YD (2014) Nontoxically enhanced sulfur reaction for formation of chalcogenide thin films using a thermal cracker.
J Mater Chem A 2(35):14593–14599
Fan L, Zhu B, Su PC, He C (2018) Nanomaterials and technologies for low temperature solid oxide
fuel cells: recent advances, challenges and opportunities. Nano Energy 45:148–176
Guo C, Lü Q-F, Zhao H-B (2015) SnO 2 -decorated graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite for a highperformance supercapacitor electrode. J Mater Sci Technol 31:1101–1107
Kaltsa O, Gatsi I, Yanniotis S, Mandala I (2014) Influence of ultrasonication parameters on physical
characteristics of olive oil model emulsions containing xanthan. Food Bioproc Tech 7(7):2038–
2049
Lai WH, Su YH, Teoh LG, Hon MH (2008) Commercial and natural dyes as photosensitizers for a
water-based dye-sensitized solar cell loaded with gold nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol A
195(2–3):307–313