Multiscale Modeling of Epoxies and Epoxy-Based Composites
291
The last two points are in fact the main driving forces behind the research and
development of multiscale modeling of epoxy. Future development of multiscale
simulation of epoxy should focus on continuing developing computational models
at all relevant scales and pushing the limits in bridging different scales to simulate
microscale epoxy-based systems.
References
1. R.A. Dickie, S.S. Labana, R.S. Bauer (eds.), Cross-Linked Polymers: Chemistry, Properties,
and Applications (American Chemical Society, Washington DC 1988)
2. C. May, Epoxy Resins: Chemistry and Technology (CRC Press, New York 1988)
3. F.-L. Jin, X. Li, S.-J. Park, Synthesis and application of epoxy resins: a review. J. Indus. Eng.
Chem. 29, 1–11 (2015)
4. K. Dušek, Network formation in curing of epoxy resins, in Epoxy Resins and Composites III
(Springer, 1986), pp. 1–59
5. O. Becker, Y.-B. Cheng, R.J. Varley, G.P. Simon, Layered silicate nanocomposites based on
various high-functionality epoxy resins: the influence of cure temperature on morphology,
mechanical properties, and free volume. Macromolecules 36(5), 1616–1625 (2003)
6. J. Jordan, K.I. Jacob, R. Tannenbaum, M.A. Sharaf, I. Jasiuk, Experimental trends in polymer
nanocomposites’a review. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 393(1–2), 1–11 (2005)
7. J. Jancar, J.F. Douglas, F.W. Starr, S.K. Kumar, P. Cassagnau, A.J. Lesser, S.S. Sternstein,
M.J. Buehler, Current issues in research on structure–property relationships in polymer
nanocomposites. Polymer 51(15), 3321–3343 (2010)
8. K.W. Putz, M.J. Palmeri, R.B. Cohn, R. Andrews, L.C. Brinson, Effect of cross-link density
on interphase creation in polymer nanocomposites. Macromolecules 41(18), 6752–6756
(2008)
9. A.A. Azeez, K.Y. Rhee, S.J. Park, D. Hui, Epoxy clay nanocomposites–processing, properties
and applications: a review. Compos. Part B Eng. 45(1), 308–320 (2013)
10. T.A. Nguyen, T.H. Nguyen, T.V. Nguyen, H. Thai, X. Shi, Effect of nanoparticles on the
thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy coatings. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 16, 9874–
9881 (2016)
11. J. Arbaoui, H. Moustabchir, J.R. Vigué, F.-X. Royer, The effects of various nanoparticles on
the thermal and mechanical properties of an epoxy resin. Mater. Res. Innov. 20, 145–150
(2016)
12. J.B. Enns, J.K. Gillham, Effect of the extent of cure on the modulus, glass transition, water
absorptio, and density of an amine-cured epoxy. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 28(9), 2831–2846 (1983)
13. M. Cizmecioglu, A. Gupta, R.F. Fedors, Influence of cure conditions on glass transition
temperature and density of an epoxy resin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 32(8), 6177–6190 (1986)
14. E.D. Crawford, A.J. Lesser, Brittle to ductile: fracture toughness mapping on controlled epoxy
networks. Polym. Eng. Sci. 39(2), 385–392 (1999)
15. C. Czaderski, E. Martinelli, J. Michels, M. Motavalli, Effect of curing conditions on strength
development in an epoxy resin for structural strengthening. Compos. Part B Eng. 43(2), 398–
410 (2012)
16. C. Li, G.A. Medvedev, E.-W. Lee, J. Kim, J.M. Caruthers, A. Strachan, Molecular dynamics
simulations and experimental studies of the thermomechanical response of an epoxy thermoset polymer. Polymer 53(19), 4222–4230 (2012)
17. Q. Deng, Y.C. Jean, Free-volume distributions of an epoxy polymer probed by positron
annihilation: pressure dependence. Macromolecules 26, 30–34 (1988)
18. S.J. Wang, C.L. Wang, B. Wang, Microstructure and mechanical properties of polymers
studied by positron annihilation. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 210, 407–421 (1996)
291
The last two points are in fact the main driving forces behind the research and
development of multiscale modeling of epoxy. Future development of multiscale
simulation of epoxy should focus on continuing developing computational models
at all relevant scales and pushing the limits in bridging different scales to simulate
microscale epoxy-based systems.
References
1. R.A. Dickie, S.S. Labana, R.S. Bauer (eds.), Cross-Linked Polymers: Chemistry, Properties,
and Applications (American Chemical Society, Washington DC 1988)
2. C. May, Epoxy Resins: Chemistry and Technology (CRC Press, New York 1988)
3. F.-L. Jin, X. Li, S.-J. Park, Synthesis and application of epoxy resins: a review. J. Indus. Eng.
Chem. 29, 1–11 (2015)
4. K. Dušek, Network formation in curing of epoxy resins, in Epoxy Resins and Composites III
(Springer, 1986), pp. 1–59
5. O. Becker, Y.-B. Cheng, R.J. Varley, G.P. Simon, Layered silicate nanocomposites based on
various high-functionality epoxy resins: the influence of cure temperature on morphology,
mechanical properties, and free volume. Macromolecules 36(5), 1616–1625 (2003)
6. J. Jordan, K.I. Jacob, R. Tannenbaum, M.A. Sharaf, I. Jasiuk, Experimental trends in polymer
nanocomposites’a review. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 393(1–2), 1–11 (2005)
7. J. Jancar, J.F. Douglas, F.W. Starr, S.K. Kumar, P. Cassagnau, A.J. Lesser, S.S. Sternstein,
M.J. Buehler, Current issues in research on structure–property relationships in polymer
nanocomposites. Polymer 51(15), 3321–3343 (2010)
8. K.W. Putz, M.J. Palmeri, R.B. Cohn, R. Andrews, L.C. Brinson, Effect of cross-link density
on interphase creation in polymer nanocomposites. Macromolecules 41(18), 6752–6756
(2008)
9. A.A. Azeez, K.Y. Rhee, S.J. Park, D. Hui, Epoxy clay nanocomposites–processing, properties
and applications: a review. Compos. Part B Eng. 45(1), 308–320 (2013)
10. T.A. Nguyen, T.H. Nguyen, T.V. Nguyen, H. Thai, X. Shi, Effect of nanoparticles on the
thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy coatings. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 16, 9874–
9881 (2016)
11. J. Arbaoui, H. Moustabchir, J.R. Vigué, F.-X. Royer, The effects of various nanoparticles on
the thermal and mechanical properties of an epoxy resin. Mater. Res. Innov. 20, 145–150
(2016)
12. J.B. Enns, J.K. Gillham, Effect of the extent of cure on the modulus, glass transition, water
absorptio, and density of an amine-cured epoxy. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 28(9), 2831–2846 (1983)
13. M. Cizmecioglu, A. Gupta, R.F. Fedors, Influence of cure conditions on glass transition
temperature and density of an epoxy resin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 32(8), 6177–6190 (1986)
14. E.D. Crawford, A.J. Lesser, Brittle to ductile: fracture toughness mapping on controlled epoxy
networks. Polym. Eng. Sci. 39(2), 385–392 (1999)
15. C. Czaderski, E. Martinelli, J. Michels, M. Motavalli, Effect of curing conditions on strength
development in an epoxy resin for structural strengthening. Compos. Part B Eng. 43(2), 398–
410 (2012)
16. C. Li, G.A. Medvedev, E.-W. Lee, J. Kim, J.M. Caruthers, A. Strachan, Molecular dynamics
simulations and experimental studies of the thermomechanical response of an epoxy thermoset polymer. Polymer 53(19), 4222–4230 (2012)
17. Q. Deng, Y.C. Jean, Free-volume distributions of an epoxy polymer probed by positron
annihilation: pressure dependence. Macromolecules 26, 30–34 (1988)
18. S.J. Wang, C.L. Wang, B. Wang, Microstructure and mechanical properties of polymers
studied by positron annihilation. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 210, 407–421 (1996)