as the Fund Convention in 1971.
17 In 1974 the Athens Convention on Passengers
and their Luggage (PAL) Convention was adopted with its own limitation regime.
18
This convention was modified through its Protocols of 1990
19 and 2002
20 which
basically altered the limitation amounts. The global limitation Convention of 1976
was amended as well through its Protocol of 1996 providing for higher limits of
liability. Incidentally, the CLC and Fund Convention were revised through their
respective Protocols of 1992, now referred to as the CLC 1992 and Fund Convention, 1992,
21 which have significantly higher limits of liability. The Fund Convention also has the Supplementary Fund Protocol, 2003
22 which has even higher
limitation amounts. Among other ship-source pollution liability conventions are
the Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention (HNS), 1996 Convention
23
and the HNS 2010 Protocol,
24 and the Bunkers Convention, 2001.
25
Apart from the above, which are all IMO Conventions, there are the conventions
on carriage of goods by sea, namely, the Hague Rules, 1924,
26 the Hague-Visby
Rules, 1968
27 and the Hamburg Rules, 1978,
28 all adopted under the auspices of the
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) or United
Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). In 1980, the Multimodal Convention was adopted but has not entered into force.
29 The latest such
commercial carriage of goods convention is the Rotterdam Rules adopted in 2008
which has also not entered into force.
30 All these conventions have limitation
regimes of their own.
17 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil
Pollution Damage, 1971, 1110 UNTS 57.
18 Athens Convention Relating to the Carriage of Passengers and Their Luggage by Sea, 1974, 1463
UNTS 19.
19 http://library.arcticportal.org/1700/1/Athens_convention_compilation.pdf.
20 http://library.arcticportal.org/1700/1/Athens_convention_compilation.pdf.
21 1956 UNTS 255; 1953 UNTS 373.
22 IMO Doc. LEG/CONF.14/20.
23 International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the
Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea, 1996, I35 ILM 1406.
24 http://www.hnsconvention.org/fileadmin/IOPC_Upload/hns/files/2010%20HNS%20Protocol_e.
pdf.
25 International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001, I40
ILM 1493.
26 International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading,
1924, 120 LNTS 187; 51 Stat. 233.
27 Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law
Relating to Bills of Lading, 1968, 1412 UNTS 127.
28 United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, 1978, 1695 UNTS 3.
29 United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods, 1980, UN Doc.
TD/MT/CONF/16 (1980).
30 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly
by Sea, 2008, A/RES 63/122.
Liability Insurer’s Right to Limit Liability for Maritime Claims:. . .
661
17 In 1974 the Athens Convention on Passengers
and their Luggage (PAL) Convention was adopted with its own limitation regime.
18
This convention was modified through its Protocols of 1990
19 and 2002
20 which
basically altered the limitation amounts. The global limitation Convention of 1976
was amended as well through its Protocol of 1996 providing for higher limits of
liability. Incidentally, the CLC and Fund Convention were revised through their
respective Protocols of 1992, now referred to as the CLC 1992 and Fund Convention, 1992,
21 which have significantly higher limits of liability. The Fund Convention also has the Supplementary Fund Protocol, 2003
22 which has even higher
limitation amounts. Among other ship-source pollution liability conventions are
the Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention (HNS), 1996 Convention
23
and the HNS 2010 Protocol,
24 and the Bunkers Convention, 2001.
25
Apart from the above, which are all IMO Conventions, there are the conventions
on carriage of goods by sea, namely, the Hague Rules, 1924,
26 the Hague-Visby
Rules, 1968
27 and the Hamburg Rules, 1978,
28 all adopted under the auspices of the
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) or United
Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). In 1980, the Multimodal Convention was adopted but has not entered into force.
29 The latest such
commercial carriage of goods convention is the Rotterdam Rules adopted in 2008
which has also not entered into force.
30 All these conventions have limitation
regimes of their own.
17 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil
Pollution Damage, 1971, 1110 UNTS 57.
18 Athens Convention Relating to the Carriage of Passengers and Their Luggage by Sea, 1974, 1463
UNTS 19.
19 http://library.arcticportal.org/1700/1/Athens_convention_compilation.pdf.
20 http://library.arcticportal.org/1700/1/Athens_convention_compilation.pdf.
21 1956 UNTS 255; 1953 UNTS 373.
22 IMO Doc. LEG/CONF.14/20.
23 International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the
Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea, 1996, I35 ILM 1406.
24 http://www.hnsconvention.org/fileadmin/IOPC_Upload/hns/files/2010%20HNS%20Protocol_e.
pdf.
25 International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001, I40
ILM 1493.
26 International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading,
1924, 120 LNTS 187; 51 Stat. 233.
27 Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law
Relating to Bills of Lading, 1968, 1412 UNTS 127.
28 United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, 1978, 1695 UNTS 3.
29 United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods, 1980, UN Doc.
TD/MT/CONF/16 (1980).
30 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly
by Sea, 2008, A/RES 63/122.
Liability Insurer’s Right to Limit Liability for Maritime Claims:. . .
661