136
V. M. Xanat and Y. Toshimasa
are failed products saturating land, sea and atmosphere; materials and processes
wasted; physically and/or psychologically hurt living beings; and lost jobs. Better
accountability and assessment of design processes is needed, which is challenging
in our densely interconnected world.
10.1.1 Literature Review
Different systems have been proposed to assess sustainability, like the Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment (Alcamo 2003), The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) (Sukhdev 2008), Planetary Boundaries (Rockstrom et al. 2009),
and the Sustainable Development Goals (Assembly 2015). However, their level of
complexity and/or disconnection to other aspects of sustainability make them hard
to understand/apply from an economic point of view. The biggest issue is within
the economic mindset, which was influenced by white male Enlightenment and
thus views economics as a science with general laws governing decision making
processes.
Economist Kate Raworth proposed a model called Doughnut Economics, where
the goals should be meeting the needs of all within planetary boundaries, view the
economy as embedded, nurture human nature, consider complex systems, design
to distribute, design to regenerate and be agnostic about growth (Raworth 2017).
We should note that two of her arguments include the word design, which can be
understood as creating ways of being. Hence, through the Doughnut Economics
framework, the impact of what designers do is more easily grasped. Design is ubiquitous, its success depends on social context, other fields are realizing its vital role
in achieving sustainability, and thus has outgrown our discipline (Escobar 2018).
On the other hand, some studies are proposing methods to incorporate the
Doughnut Economics paradigm into industrial design (Stopper et al. 2016), fashion
design (Rissanen 2018) and design theory (Boehnert 2018). However, given the
complexity of current design processes, there is a need to understand which aspects
of Doughnut Economics are being achieved within design and where can we locate
gaps.
One option to explore complex human systems and their interactions is through
Social Networking Sites (Boyd and Ellison 2007). Among them, YouTube is the
second largest search engine after Google and the third most visited site after Facebook (Alexa 2019), counting with a video ecosystem that tends to form small world
networks. Considering its high usage rate in creative scenarios, YouTube has potential
for research in design communities.
10.1.2 Research Objectives
Research questions are as follows:
V. M. Xanat and Y. Toshimasa
are failed products saturating land, sea and atmosphere; materials and processes
wasted; physically and/or psychologically hurt living beings; and lost jobs. Better
accountability and assessment of design processes is needed, which is challenging
in our densely interconnected world.
10.1.1 Literature Review
Different systems have been proposed to assess sustainability, like the Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment (Alcamo 2003), The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) (Sukhdev 2008), Planetary Boundaries (Rockstrom et al. 2009),
and the Sustainable Development Goals (Assembly 2015). However, their level of
complexity and/or disconnection to other aspects of sustainability make them hard
to understand/apply from an economic point of view. The biggest issue is within
the economic mindset, which was influenced by white male Enlightenment and
thus views economics as a science with general laws governing decision making
processes.
Economist Kate Raworth proposed a model called Doughnut Economics, where
the goals should be meeting the needs of all within planetary boundaries, view the
economy as embedded, nurture human nature, consider complex systems, design
to distribute, design to regenerate and be agnostic about growth (Raworth 2017).
We should note that two of her arguments include the word design, which can be
understood as creating ways of being. Hence, through the Doughnut Economics
framework, the impact of what designers do is more easily grasped. Design is ubiquitous, its success depends on social context, other fields are realizing its vital role
in achieving sustainability, and thus has outgrown our discipline (Escobar 2018).
On the other hand, some studies are proposing methods to incorporate the
Doughnut Economics paradigm into industrial design (Stopper et al. 2016), fashion
design (Rissanen 2018) and design theory (Boehnert 2018). However, given the
complexity of current design processes, there is a need to understand which aspects
of Doughnut Economics are being achieved within design and where can we locate
gaps.
One option to explore complex human systems and their interactions is through
Social Networking Sites (Boyd and Ellison 2007). Among them, YouTube is the
second largest search engine after Google and the third most visited site after Facebook (Alexa 2019), counting with a video ecosystem that tends to form small world
networks. Considering its high usage rate in creative scenarios, YouTube has potential
for research in design communities.
10.1.2 Research Objectives
Research questions are as follows: