82
These techniques are more fully explicated in Cranor (2011) and in Soskolne
(2017), and also in Baur et al. (2015, 2019), Soskolne and Baur (2019), and Soskolne
(2015, 2019). Malfeasance applies when such methods are used to support vested
interests in their wish to downplay their culpability by denying, delaying, creating
division and discrediting scientists.
6 Conclusions and Recommendations
The need for vigilance by professionals is called for, ideally through professional
organizations with the capacity to speak truth to power. In addition, the need is ever
present for the training of students capable of diagnosing scientific misconduct and
with the support to call it to account. Readers ought to be aware that the International
Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE 2001) offers a procedure for providing moral support to beleaguered colleagues being subjected to the “Four D’s.”
References
Baur X, Budnik LT, Ruff K, Egilman DS, Lemen RA, Soskolne CL (2015) Ethics, morality, and
conflicting interests: how questionable professional integrity in some scientists supports global
corporate influence in public health. Int J Occup Environ Health 21:172–175
Baur X, Soskolne CL, Bero LA (2019) Commentary. How can the integrity of occupational and
environmental health research be maintained in the presence of conflicting interests? Environ
Health 18:93. Published on: 4 November 2019. https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-019-0527-x (accessed May 9, 2020)
Bonita R, Beaglehole R, Kjellstrom T (2006) Basic epidemiology, 2nd edn. World Health
Organization,
Geneva.
https://books.google.ca/books/about/Basic_Epidemiology.
html?id=AAZGobMNTXgC&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_
esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed May 9, 2020)
Cranor CF (2011) Legally poisoned: how the law puts us at risk from toxicants. Harvard University
Press, Boston
Hill AB (1965) The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med
58:295–300
International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (2001, revised 2009) ISEE Procedure for
Dealing with Beleaguered Colleagues and/or Potential Whistleblowers. https://www.iseepi.
org/Public/Public/About_Us/ISEE_Committees/Ethics_and_Philosophy.aspx. (accessed May
9, 2020)
Kriebel D, Tickner J, Epstein P, Lemons J, Levins R, Loechler EL, Quinn M, Rudel R, Schettler T,
Stoto M (2001) The precautionary principle in environmental science. Environ Health Perspect
109(9):871–876. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11673114 (accessed May 9, 2020)
Maclure M (1985) Popperian refutation in epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 121:343–350
Mergler D (2019) The legacy of mercury poisoning and racism: the case of a First Nation community in Canada. Abstract. Annual Ramazzini Days, 24–27 October; Carpi, Italy
Michaels D (2008) Doubt is their product: how industry’s assault on science threatens your health.
Oxford University Press, New York
Michaels D (2020) The Triumph of Doubt: Dark Money and the Science of Deception. Oxford
University Press, New York, USA
C. L. Soskolne
These techniques are more fully explicated in Cranor (2011) and in Soskolne
(2017), and also in Baur et al. (2015, 2019), Soskolne and Baur (2019), and Soskolne
(2015, 2019). Malfeasance applies when such methods are used to support vested
interests in their wish to downplay their culpability by denying, delaying, creating
division and discrediting scientists.
6 Conclusions and Recommendations
The need for vigilance by professionals is called for, ideally through professional
organizations with the capacity to speak truth to power. In addition, the need is ever
present for the training of students capable of diagnosing scientific misconduct and
with the support to call it to account. Readers ought to be aware that the International
Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE 2001) offers a procedure for providing moral support to beleaguered colleagues being subjected to the “Four D’s.”
References
Baur X, Budnik LT, Ruff K, Egilman DS, Lemen RA, Soskolne CL (2015) Ethics, morality, and
conflicting interests: how questionable professional integrity in some scientists supports global
corporate influence in public health. Int J Occup Environ Health 21:172–175
Baur X, Soskolne CL, Bero LA (2019) Commentary. How can the integrity of occupational and
environmental health research be maintained in the presence of conflicting interests? Environ
Health 18:93. Published on: 4 November 2019. https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-019-0527-x (accessed May 9, 2020)
Bonita R, Beaglehole R, Kjellstrom T (2006) Basic epidemiology, 2nd edn. World Health
Organization,
Geneva.
https://books.google.ca/books/about/Basic_Epidemiology.
html?id=AAZGobMNTXgC&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_
esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed May 9, 2020)
Cranor CF (2011) Legally poisoned: how the law puts us at risk from toxicants. Harvard University
Press, Boston
Hill AB (1965) The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med
58:295–300
International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (2001, revised 2009) ISEE Procedure for
Dealing with Beleaguered Colleagues and/or Potential Whistleblowers. https://www.iseepi.
org/Public/Public/About_Us/ISEE_Committees/Ethics_and_Philosophy.aspx. (accessed May
9, 2020)
Kriebel D, Tickner J, Epstein P, Lemons J, Levins R, Loechler EL, Quinn M, Rudel R, Schettler T,
Stoto M (2001) The precautionary principle in environmental science. Environ Health Perspect
109(9):871–876. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11673114 (accessed May 9, 2020)
Maclure M (1985) Popperian refutation in epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 121:343–350
Mergler D (2019) The legacy of mercury poisoning and racism: the case of a First Nation community in Canada. Abstract. Annual Ramazzini Days, 24–27 October; Carpi, Italy
Michaels D (2008) Doubt is their product: how industry’s assault on science threatens your health.
Oxford University Press, New York
Michaels D (2020) The Triumph of Doubt: Dark Money and the Science of Deception. Oxford
University Press, New York, USA
C. L. Soskolne