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expansion of agricultural or urban land into natural habitats (Frondoni et al. 2011;
Smiraglia et al. 2016) causing a loss of entire habitats.
However, agricultural intensification and urbanization have also indirect effects,
such as fertilization, pesticide pollution or N deposition that cause degradation of
habitats with a subsequent decrease in biodiversity (Erisman et al. 2015; Simkin
et al. 2016). Another negative effect of land use change is fragmentation that affects
the biodiversity of the remaining natural or semi-natural habitats by causing a
decline in species abundance and richness (Van Eetvelde and Antrop 2009; Oliver
and Morecroft 2014) or changes in water regime (mainly by urbanization and agriculture intensification), which can lead to water stress or floods (Kedziora 2010).
Abandonment of land and the lack of management resulting in shrub and tree
encroachment into old pastures and cultivated lands can (especially in Central
Europe) result in either increased or decreased biodiversity; the former mostly in
case of abandoned arable land (Rehounkova and Prach 2007), the later predominantly in the case of abandoned near natural grasslands (Plieninger 2006; Honrado
et al. 2017).
1.3 Climate Change As a Threat to Biodiversity
Climate change poses a threat to biodiversity by affecting mean climate parameters
and the frequency and intensity of climate extremes (Jentsch et al. 2007). Some species will face the risk of extinction, while others will survive through combinations
of shifting their distribution to track the climate, persisting in climatic refugia or
adapting to the new conditions (Dawson et al. 2011).
Changes in climate can also trigger changes in biodiversity by creating opportunities for previously innocuous alien species (Thuiller 2007). It has also been commonly observed that climate change will favour forest pest species, since the survival
of many arthropods depends on low temperature thresholds (Williams and Liebhold
1995). Fungi or pathogens also benefit from changed climatic conditions due to
increased temperatures and higher water stress of plants (Jactel et al. 2012). Climatic
conditions of high temperatures and low humidity, together with the possibly
decreased vitality of vegetation, can increase the risk of fire (Mouillot et al. 2002).
1.4 Multiple Effect of Climate and Land Use Changes
to Biodiversity Loss
It has been proved that land cover affects the climate (1) through carbon sequestration, (2) thanks to vegetation characteristics such as albedo, roughness length or leaf
area (Copeland et al. 1996). For the Czech Republic, the prediction of carbon storage under climate change was carried out, based on future land use changes and
Is it Possible to Maintain a Biodiversity of Natural Habitats Under Global Change…
expansion of agricultural or urban land into natural habitats (Frondoni et al. 2011;
Smiraglia et al. 2016) causing a loss of entire habitats.
However, agricultural intensification and urbanization have also indirect effects,
such as fertilization, pesticide pollution or N deposition that cause degradation of
habitats with a subsequent decrease in biodiversity (Erisman et al. 2015; Simkin
et al. 2016). Another negative effect of land use change is fragmentation that affects
the biodiversity of the remaining natural or semi-natural habitats by causing a
decline in species abundance and richness (Van Eetvelde and Antrop 2009; Oliver
and Morecroft 2014) or changes in water regime (mainly by urbanization and agriculture intensification), which can lead to water stress or floods (Kedziora 2010).
Abandonment of land and the lack of management resulting in shrub and tree
encroachment into old pastures and cultivated lands can (especially in Central
Europe) result in either increased or decreased biodiversity; the former mostly in
case of abandoned arable land (Rehounkova and Prach 2007), the later predominantly in the case of abandoned near natural grasslands (Plieninger 2006; Honrado
et al. 2017).
1.3 Climate Change As a Threat to Biodiversity
Climate change poses a threat to biodiversity by affecting mean climate parameters
and the frequency and intensity of climate extremes (Jentsch et al. 2007). Some species will face the risk of extinction, while others will survive through combinations
of shifting their distribution to track the climate, persisting in climatic refugia or
adapting to the new conditions (Dawson et al. 2011).
Changes in climate can also trigger changes in biodiversity by creating opportunities for previously innocuous alien species (Thuiller 2007). It has also been commonly observed that climate change will favour forest pest species, since the survival
of many arthropods depends on low temperature thresholds (Williams and Liebhold
1995). Fungi or pathogens also benefit from changed climatic conditions due to
increased temperatures and higher water stress of plants (Jactel et al. 2012). Climatic
conditions of high temperatures and low humidity, together with the possibly
decreased vitality of vegetation, can increase the risk of fire (Mouillot et al. 2002).
1.4 Multiple Effect of Climate and Land Use Changes
to Biodiversity Loss
It has been proved that land cover affects the climate (1) through carbon sequestration, (2) thanks to vegetation characteristics such as albedo, roughness length or leaf
area (Copeland et al. 1996). For the Czech Republic, the prediction of carbon storage under climate change was carried out, based on future land use changes and
Is it Possible to Maintain a Biodiversity of Natural Habitats Under Global Change…