4
A. Lubowiecki-Vikuk et al.
(however defined) and refer to other programs and identities in order to motivate the
manifestation of pro-ecological behavior (Evans and Abrahamse 2009).
More and more companies in the leisure sector are integrating these social aspects
and philanthropy into their strategies to differentiate themselves from their competitors (González-Serrano et al. 2020; Pereira and Sousa 2020; Ratten 2010; Soboci´ nska
2019). This in turn has led to the implementation of more social innovations in this
service sector (Katsoni and Velander 2018; McCullough et al. 2016; Nuere and
Peris 2019). Ratten (2019) has noticed that there is now a greater emphasis on
social entrepreneurship in sport due to the growing need to capture its influence
on society. An example of good practices in professional sport (see Erickson 2017)
is the activity of an NBA team, which has implemented internal volunteer programs
that are increasingly important as the workforce becomes mostly millennial and Gen
Z (King 2019). But consumers themselves are also becoming more and more aware
(Dąbrowska 2013). Among the buyers of tourist services there are those who choose
those types and forms of tourism (e.g. ecotourism, rural tourism) that—at least in
theory—degrade the environment to a lesser extent than other types (Idziak et al.
2015; Machnik 2013; Pitkänen et al. 2014). Most often this pertains to the choice
of the means of transport. Therefore, the development of car-free greenways as an
alternative environmentally friendly communication system (Mundet and Coenders
2010) may be an inseparable element of social responsibility, especially for local
communities living in the tourist destinations visited.
Leisure in cities is an important part of sustainable development. Today, many
people migrate to large cities, which are destinations for numerous individual and
mass tourists who often combine leisure with business or, for example, consumption
of medical services (Machnik and Lubowiecki-Vikuk 2020). Both groups of tourists
are looking for innovative solutions with regard to leisure. And these are available in
the smart city/‘happy city’, where the emphasis is placed not only on technological
progress, but above all on social innovation (Montgomery 2014). Social innovations in the area of leisure pertain to new ideas that contribute to solving complex
social problems in the context analyzed (Tjønndal and Nilssen 2019). Examples are
presented in Table 1. The urban leisure format deserves special attention. Zmyslony
and W˛ edrowicz referred to it as ‘local, seasonal, short-lived and repeatable smallscale place-time-based staging urban leisure experiences which become the focus
of recreation and tourism development in many cities’ (Zmyslony and W˛ edrowicz
2019, p. 185) and identified the following:
• urban art and cultural festivals
• day/evening socializing spots
• open-air cinemas
• serious leisure events
• outdoor dance zones
• local fan zones
• culinary events/food fests
• urban beaches/waterfront areas
• street parades and marches (Zmyslony and W˛ edrowicz 2019, p. 188).
A. Lubowiecki-Vikuk et al.
(however defined) and refer to other programs and identities in order to motivate the
manifestation of pro-ecological behavior (Evans and Abrahamse 2009).
More and more companies in the leisure sector are integrating these social aspects
and philanthropy into their strategies to differentiate themselves from their competitors (González-Serrano et al. 2020; Pereira and Sousa 2020; Ratten 2010; Soboci´ nska
2019). This in turn has led to the implementation of more social innovations in this
service sector (Katsoni and Velander 2018; McCullough et al. 2016; Nuere and
Peris 2019). Ratten (2019) has noticed that there is now a greater emphasis on
social entrepreneurship in sport due to the growing need to capture its influence
on society. An example of good practices in professional sport (see Erickson 2017)
is the activity of an NBA team, which has implemented internal volunteer programs
that are increasingly important as the workforce becomes mostly millennial and Gen
Z (King 2019). But consumers themselves are also becoming more and more aware
(Dąbrowska 2013). Among the buyers of tourist services there are those who choose
those types and forms of tourism (e.g. ecotourism, rural tourism) that—at least in
theory—degrade the environment to a lesser extent than other types (Idziak et al.
2015; Machnik 2013; Pitkänen et al. 2014). Most often this pertains to the choice
of the means of transport. Therefore, the development of car-free greenways as an
alternative environmentally friendly communication system (Mundet and Coenders
2010) may be an inseparable element of social responsibility, especially for local
communities living in the tourist destinations visited.
Leisure in cities is an important part of sustainable development. Today, many
people migrate to large cities, which are destinations for numerous individual and
mass tourists who often combine leisure with business or, for example, consumption
of medical services (Machnik and Lubowiecki-Vikuk 2020). Both groups of tourists
are looking for innovative solutions with regard to leisure. And these are available in
the smart city/‘happy city’, where the emphasis is placed not only on technological
progress, but above all on social innovation (Montgomery 2014). Social innovations in the area of leisure pertain to new ideas that contribute to solving complex
social problems in the context analyzed (Tjønndal and Nilssen 2019). Examples are
presented in Table 1. The urban leisure format deserves special attention. Zmyslony
and W˛ edrowicz referred to it as ‘local, seasonal, short-lived and repeatable smallscale place-time-based staging urban leisure experiences which become the focus
of recreation and tourism development in many cities’ (Zmyslony and W˛ edrowicz
2019, p. 185) and identified the following:
• urban art and cultural festivals
• day/evening socializing spots
• open-air cinemas
• serious leisure events
• outdoor dance zones
• local fan zones
• culinary events/food fests
• urban beaches/waterfront areas
• street parades and marches (Zmyslony and W˛ edrowicz 2019, p. 188).