Preface, ix
Acknowledgments, xi
1 Introduction, 1
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.1.1 Overview, 1
1.1.2 Models in seismology, 5
1.2 Seismology and society, 9
1.2.1 Seismic hazards and risks, 11
1.2.2 Engineering seismology and earthquake
engineering, 14
1.2.3 Highways, bridges, dams, and pipelines, 18
1.2.4 Tsunamis, landslides, and soil
liquefaction, 19
1.2.5 Earthquake forecasting, 20
1.2.6 Earthquake prediction, 24
1.2.7 Real-time warnings, 26
1.2.8 Nuclear monitoring and treaty
verification, 26
Further reading, 28
2 Basic Seismological Theory, 29
2.1 Introduction, 29
2.2 Waves on a string, 29
2.2.1 Theory, 29
2.2.2 Harmonic wave solution, 31
2.2.3 Reflection and transmission, 32
2.2.4 Energy in a harmonic wave, 35
2.2.5 Normal modes of a string, 36
2.3 Stress and strain, 38
2.3.1 Introduction, 38
2.3.2 Stress, 39
2.3.3 Stress as a tensor, 41
2.3.4 Principal stresses, 42
2.3.5 Maximum shear stress and faulting, 43
2.3.6 Deviatoric stresses, 45
2.3.7 Equation of motion, 46
2.3.8 Strain, 47
2.3.9 Constitutive equations, 48
Contents
2.3.10 Boundary conditions, 51
2.3.11 Strain energy, 52
2.4 Seismic waves, 53
2.4.1 The seismic wave equation, 53
2.4.2 Plane waves, 54
2.4.3 Spherical waves, 55
2.4.4 P and S waves, 56
2.4.5 Energy in a plane wave, 61
2.5 Snell’s law, 62
2.5.1 The layered medium approximation, 62
2.5.2 Plane wave potentials for a layered
medium, 63
2.5.3 Angle of incidence and apparent velocity, 65
2.5.4 Snell’s law, 66
2.5.5 Critical angle, 67
2.5.6 Snell’s law for SH waves, 68
2.5.7 Ray parameter and slowness, 69
2.5.8 Waveguides, 70
2.5.9 Fermat’s principle and geometric ray
theory, 70
2.5.10 Huygens’ principle and diffraction, 72
2.6 Plane wave reflection and transmission
coefficients, 75
2.6.1 Introduction, 75
2.6.2 SH wave reflection and transmission
coefficients, 76
2.6.3 Energy flux for reflected and
transmitted SH waves, 77
2.6.4 Postcritical SH waves, 78
2.6.5 P-SV waves at a free surface, 79
2.6.6 Solid–solid and solid–liquid interfaces, 81
2.6.7 Examples, 85
2.7 Surface waves, 86
2.7.1 Introduction, 86
2.7.2 Rayleigh waves in a homogeneous
halfspace, 87
2.7.3 Love waves in a layer over a halfspace, 90
2.7.4 Love wave dispersion, 91
2.8 Dispersion, 93
2.8.1 Phase and group velocity, 93
2.8.2 Dispersive signals, 94
Acknowledgments, xi
1 Introduction, 1
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.1.1 Overview, 1
1.1.2 Models in seismology, 5
1.2 Seismology and society, 9
1.2.1 Seismic hazards and risks, 11
1.2.2 Engineering seismology and earthquake
engineering, 14
1.2.3 Highways, bridges, dams, and pipelines, 18
1.2.4 Tsunamis, landslides, and soil
liquefaction, 19
1.2.5 Earthquake forecasting, 20
1.2.6 Earthquake prediction, 24
1.2.7 Real-time warnings, 26
1.2.8 Nuclear monitoring and treaty
verification, 26
Further reading, 28
2 Basic Seismological Theory, 29
2.1 Introduction, 29
2.2 Waves on a string, 29
2.2.1 Theory, 29
2.2.2 Harmonic wave solution, 31
2.2.3 Reflection and transmission, 32
2.2.4 Energy in a harmonic wave, 35
2.2.5 Normal modes of a string, 36
2.3 Stress and strain, 38
2.3.1 Introduction, 38
2.3.2 Stress, 39
2.3.3 Stress as a tensor, 41
2.3.4 Principal stresses, 42
2.3.5 Maximum shear stress and faulting, 43
2.3.6 Deviatoric stresses, 45
2.3.7 Equation of motion, 46
2.3.8 Strain, 47
2.3.9 Constitutive equations, 48
Contents
2.3.10 Boundary conditions, 51
2.3.11 Strain energy, 52
2.4 Seismic waves, 53
2.4.1 The seismic wave equation, 53
2.4.2 Plane waves, 54
2.4.3 Spherical waves, 55
2.4.4 P and S waves, 56
2.4.5 Energy in a plane wave, 61
2.5 Snell’s law, 62
2.5.1 The layered medium approximation, 62
2.5.2 Plane wave potentials for a layered
medium, 63
2.5.3 Angle of incidence and apparent velocity, 65
2.5.4 Snell’s law, 66
2.5.5 Critical angle, 67
2.5.6 Snell’s law for SH waves, 68
2.5.7 Ray parameter and slowness, 69
2.5.8 Waveguides, 70
2.5.9 Fermat’s principle and geometric ray
theory, 70
2.5.10 Huygens’ principle and diffraction, 72
2.6 Plane wave reflection and transmission
coefficients, 75
2.6.1 Introduction, 75
2.6.2 SH wave reflection and transmission
coefficients, 76
2.6.3 Energy flux for reflected and
transmitted SH waves, 77
2.6.4 Postcritical SH waves, 78
2.6.5 P-SV waves at a free surface, 79
2.6.6 Solid–solid and solid–liquid interfaces, 81
2.6.7 Examples, 85
2.7 Surface waves, 86
2.7.1 Introduction, 86
2.7.2 Rayleigh waves in a homogeneous
halfspace, 87
2.7.3 Love waves in a layer over a halfspace, 90
2.7.4 Love wave dispersion, 91
2.8 Dispersion, 93
2.8.1 Phase and group velocity, 93
2.8.2 Dispersive signals, 94