498 Index
Van Norman dam, 18
variance, 393–4, 420
variance–covariance matrix, 421
vector calculus, 458–62
curl, 460–1
divergence, 459–60
gradients, 459
Laplacian, 461–2
scalar and vector fields, 458–9
vector dipole, 241
vector potentials, layered medium, 63
vector spherical harmonics, 104, 106
vector transformations, 454–8
coordinate transformations, 455–6
eigenvalues and eigenvectors, 456–8
symmetric matrix, 458
vectors
definition, 445–6
index notation, 448–9
magnitude, 446
scalar product, 446
spherical coordinates, 465–6
vector fields, 458–9
vector operations, 446
vector products, 447–8
vector spaces, 449–50
velocity
apparent velocity, 65–6
dispersion of surface waves, 93–4, 97–9
filtering, 145–7
group, 94
interval velocity, 136
linear, 290
P and S waves, 58–9
phase, 94
in spherical earth, 159–61
subduction zones, 311
velocity structure
at Moho, 127–8, 130
of the earth, 119–20, 162
Venus, 211, 287–8
vertical slowness, 69, 137
Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), 251, 296
Vibroseis unit, sweep signals, 149–52, 214
viscoelastic material, 196, 355
viscosity, of mantle, 204, 331–2, 350, 355–7
viscous fluid models, 365
volcanoes
predicting eruptions, 20–1
as seismic sources, 240–1, 246
Wadati, K., 288
Wadati–Benioff zones, 288, 307–8, 312, 319
wadsleyite, 205, 315
Walvis ridge, seismic wave dispersion, 96–7
water layer, 212, 234
wave equation
one-dimensional, 30
homogeneous plane wave, 54
inhomogeneous plane wave, 55
migration, 155
spherical wave, 36
wave field, 32
downward or upward continuation, 155–6
wave front
body wave, 187
plane, 55
energy, 56, 61–2
spherical, 56
surface wave, 187
wave vectors, 55, 65
horizontal component, 69
vertical component, 69
waveform annealing, 74
waveform modeling, 171, 229–39
body waves, 231–5
source time function, 230–1
surface waves, 235–9
waveguides, 70, 321
wavelength, 31–2
wavenumber, 31–2
Wegener, Alfred, 9, 286, 295
weighted damped least squares inversion,
430
weighted least squares solution, 430
Whittier Narrows earthquake (1987), 363
Wilson cycle, 333
Wilson, J. Tuzo, 333n1
window functions, 380–1
Wood–Anderson seismograph, 263
World Wide Standardized Seismographic Network
(WWSSN), 26, 288, 398, 407, 408
seismometers, 402–3
Yellowstone hot spot, 334, 347–8
yield, explosion, 26–7
yield stress, 349
Young’s modulus, 51
Zeeman effect, 115
zero-offset section, 143, 152, 154
zonal harmonics, 104
Van Norman dam, 18
variance, 393–4, 420
variance–covariance matrix, 421
vector calculus, 458–62
curl, 460–1
divergence, 459–60
gradients, 459
Laplacian, 461–2
scalar and vector fields, 458–9
vector dipole, 241
vector potentials, layered medium, 63
vector spherical harmonics, 104, 106
vector transformations, 454–8
coordinate transformations, 455–6
eigenvalues and eigenvectors, 456–8
symmetric matrix, 458
vectors
definition, 445–6
index notation, 448–9
magnitude, 446
scalar product, 446
spherical coordinates, 465–6
vector fields, 458–9
vector operations, 446
vector products, 447–8
vector spaces, 449–50
velocity
apparent velocity, 65–6
dispersion of surface waves, 93–4, 97–9
filtering, 145–7
group, 94
interval velocity, 136
linear, 290
P and S waves, 58–9
phase, 94
in spherical earth, 159–61
subduction zones, 311
velocity structure
at Moho, 127–8, 130
of the earth, 119–20, 162
Venus, 211, 287–8
vertical slowness, 69, 137
Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), 251, 296
Vibroseis unit, sweep signals, 149–52, 214
viscoelastic material, 196, 355
viscosity, of mantle, 204, 331–2, 350, 355–7
viscous fluid models, 365
volcanoes
predicting eruptions, 20–1
as seismic sources, 240–1, 246
Wadati, K., 288
Wadati–Benioff zones, 288, 307–8, 312, 319
wadsleyite, 205, 315
Walvis ridge, seismic wave dispersion, 96–7
water layer, 212, 234
wave equation
one-dimensional, 30
homogeneous plane wave, 54
inhomogeneous plane wave, 55
migration, 155
spherical wave, 36
wave field, 32
downward or upward continuation, 155–6
wave front
body wave, 187
plane, 55
energy, 56, 61–2
spherical, 56
surface wave, 187
wave vectors, 55, 65
horizontal component, 69
vertical component, 69
waveform annealing, 74
waveform modeling, 171, 229–39
body waves, 231–5
source time function, 230–1
surface waves, 235–9
waveguides, 70, 321
wavelength, 31–2
wavenumber, 31–2
Wegener, Alfred, 9, 286, 295
weighted damped least squares inversion,
430
weighted least squares solution, 430
Whittier Narrows earthquake (1987), 363
Wilson cycle, 333
Wilson, J. Tuzo, 333n1
window functions, 380–1
Wood–Anderson seismograph, 263
World Wide Standardized Seismographic Network
(WWSSN), 26, 288, 398, 407, 408
seismometers, 402–3
Yellowstone hot spot, 334, 347–8
yield, explosion, 26–7
yield stress, 349
Young’s modulus, 51
Zeeman effect, 115
zero-offset section, 143, 152, 154
zonal harmonics, 104