Index
antipodal focusing, 169, 170
Appalachian Mountains, 182, 334
apparent dip, 126, 153
apparent reflector, 153–4
apparent velocity
filtering, 145–6
seismic waves, 65–6
surface waves, 87–91
Armenia earthquake (1988) see Spitak (Armenia)
earthquake
arrays, seismometer networks, 407
aseismic deformation, 342
aseismic slip, 262, 307, 323–4, 340
asperities, 273
associated Legendre function, 103, 106
asthenosphere, 170, 286
anisotropy, 180–2
viscous flow, 331, 365
Atlantic Ocean, intraplate earthquakes, 326–7
atmosphere, evolution of, 288
attenuation
in crust, 197–8
geometric spreading, 56, 187
inverse problem for normal modes, 434–7
in mantle, 198
physical dispersion, 194–6
quality factor Q, 114, 190–3, 197–8
seismic waves, 114, 185–98, 229–30
spectral resonance peaks, 193–4
attenuation operator, 196
auto-correlation, 151, 384–5
auxiliary fault plane, 219
axial high, mid-ocean ridge, 299, 305
axial valley, mid-ocean ridge, 299, 305
azimuth, spherical coordinates, 463–5
azimuthal anisotropy, 179
azimuthal order of normal modes, 103
b-values, 274–7
back azimuth, 456, 464–5
backarc basin, 307
Balleny Islands earthquake (1998), 13, 328, 347
bandpass filter, 378–9, 383
bar, pressure unit, 41
basalt, 132
Basin and Range, 130, 293, 334
Bayes’s theorem, 279
BCIS see Bureau Central International de
Seismologie
benchmarks, 251n1
Benioff, H., 288
Big Bear earthquake (1992), 253–4
Birch, F., 119, 201
blind zone, refraction seismology, 123
block slider model, 360
body force, 39
equivalent for earthquakes, 220, 239, 245
body waves
core phases, 166–9
definition, 3
lower mantle, 171–4
magnitude, 264
modeling, 231–5
phases, 163–6
radiation patterns, 220–2
travel time studies, 162–76
and upper mantle structure, 169–71
visualizing, 174–6
see also P waves; S waves
Borah Peak earthquake, Idaho (1983), 293, 347
borehole seismometer, 400, 408, 433
boundary conditions
core–mantle, 105n4
different interfaces, 51–2
reflection and transmission, 76, 79
string waves, 33
surface waves, 87, 90
bowtie structure, 153–4
boxcar function, 231, 381, 383
breathing mode, 106
bridges, earthquake damage, 18
Brillouin scattering, 179
brittle fracture, 349, 352
brittle-ductile transition, 357
broadband seismometers, 403–4
Browning, I., 11n3
buildings
as damped harmonic oscillators, 194
earthquake risks, 14–18
bulk modulus, 50
bulk sound speed, 200
Bullen, K., 162n1, 201
Bureau Central International de Seismologie (BCIS),
398
Byerlee’s law, 353
Calavaras fault, 276
California Strong-Motion Instrumentation
Program, 410
Carrizo Plain, San Andreas fault, 215, 260
Cartesian coordinate system, 445, 455
caustic, 160, 169, 188
CDP see common depth point
cell hit-count plot, 311
absolute plate motions, 296–8
effect on spreading ridge, 305
relation to anisotropy, 182
absorption peak, 196
acceleration (ground motion), 14–17, 21–2
accelerometers, 14, 404–5
accuracy, of estimates, 6–7, 391–2
acoustic impedance, 33, 77
activation energy, 356
activation volume, 356
Adams–Williamson equation, 200–2
adiabatic gradient (adiabat), 201, 310
aftershocks, 217, 277
air gun, as seismic source, 148–9
Airy isostasy, 301n3
Alaska earthquake (1946), 19, 26
Alaska earthquake (1964), 19, 20, 238–9, 261–3
source parameters, 265–6
stress drop, 270
aleatory uncertainty, 7
Aleutian arc, 311
aliasing, 386–7, 405
amplitude modulation, 94n1
amplitude spectrum, 95, 102, 373
amplitude tomography, 433
amplitude
from ray densities, 100–1, 160, 169
reflected and transmitted waves, 32–4, 76, 85
Andes, deformation rates, 341
anelasticity, 185–6, 190–4
physical dispersion, 194–6
physical models, 196–7
angle of incidence
for plane waves, 65–6
in spherical earth, 157
angle of internal friction, 351
angle of sliding friction, 352
angular frequency, 31
angular order, 103
animal behavior, earthquake precursor, 25
anisotropy
asthenosphere, 180–2
azimuthal, 179
composite structures, 180
of core, 182–5
definition, 177
of lithosphere, 180–2
mantle, 182–4
of minerals and rocks, 179–80
olivine crystals, 60, 179
transverse isotropy, 178–9
velocities for, 178–9
antipodal focusing, 169, 170
Appalachian Mountains, 182, 334
apparent dip, 126, 153
apparent reflector, 153–4
apparent velocity
filtering, 145–6
seismic waves, 65–6
surface waves, 87–91
Armenia earthquake (1988) see Spitak (Armenia)
earthquake
arrays, seismometer networks, 407
aseismic deformation, 342
aseismic slip, 262, 307, 323–4, 340
asperities, 273
associated Legendre function, 103, 106
asthenosphere, 170, 286
anisotropy, 180–2
viscous flow, 331, 365
Atlantic Ocean, intraplate earthquakes, 326–7
atmosphere, evolution of, 288
attenuation
in crust, 197–8
geometric spreading, 56, 187
inverse problem for normal modes, 434–7
in mantle, 198
physical dispersion, 194–6
quality factor Q, 114, 190–3, 197–8
seismic waves, 114, 185–98, 229–30
spectral resonance peaks, 193–4
attenuation operator, 196
auto-correlation, 151, 384–5
auxiliary fault plane, 219
axial high, mid-ocean ridge, 299, 305
axial valley, mid-ocean ridge, 299, 305
azimuth, spherical coordinates, 463–5
azimuthal anisotropy, 179
azimuthal order of normal modes, 103
b-values, 274–7
back azimuth, 456, 464–5
backarc basin, 307
Balleny Islands earthquake (1998), 13, 328, 347
bandpass filter, 378–9, 383
bar, pressure unit, 41
basalt, 132
Basin and Range, 130, 293, 334
Bayes’s theorem, 279
BCIS see Bureau Central International de
Seismologie
benchmarks, 251n1
Benioff, H., 288
Big Bear earthquake (1992), 253–4
Birch, F., 119, 201
blind zone, refraction seismology, 123
block slider model, 360
body force, 39
equivalent for earthquakes, 220, 239, 245
body waves
core phases, 166–9
definition, 3
lower mantle, 171–4
magnitude, 264
modeling, 231–5
phases, 163–6
radiation patterns, 220–2
travel time studies, 162–76
and upper mantle structure, 169–71
visualizing, 174–6
see also P waves; S waves
Borah Peak earthquake, Idaho (1983), 293, 347
borehole seismometer, 400, 408, 433
boundary conditions
core–mantle, 105n4
different interfaces, 51–2
reflection and transmission, 76, 79
string waves, 33
surface waves, 87, 90
bowtie structure, 153–4
boxcar function, 231, 381, 383
breathing mode, 106
bridges, earthquake damage, 18
Brillouin scattering, 179
brittle fracture, 349, 352
brittle-ductile transition, 357
broadband seismometers, 403–4
Browning, I., 11n3
buildings
as damped harmonic oscillators, 194
earthquake risks, 14–18
bulk modulus, 50
bulk sound speed, 200
Bullen, K., 162n1, 201
Bureau Central International de Seismologie (BCIS),
398
Byerlee’s law, 353
Calavaras fault, 276
California Strong-Motion Instrumentation
Program, 410
Carrizo Plain, San Andreas fault, 215, 260
Cartesian coordinate system, 445, 455
caustic, 160, 169, 188
CDP see common depth point
cell hit-count plot, 311
absolute plate motions, 296–8
effect on spreading ridge, 305
relation to anisotropy, 182
absorption peak, 196
acceleration (ground motion), 14–17, 21–2
accelerometers, 14, 404–5
accuracy, of estimates, 6–7, 391–2
acoustic impedance, 33, 77
activation energy, 356
activation volume, 356
Adams–Williamson equation, 200–2
adiabatic gradient (adiabat), 201, 310
aftershocks, 217, 277
air gun, as seismic source, 148–9
Airy isostasy, 301n3
Alaska earthquake (1946), 19, 26
Alaska earthquake (1964), 19, 20, 238–9, 261–3
source parameters, 265–6
stress drop, 270
aleatory uncertainty, 7
Aleutian arc, 311
aliasing, 386–7, 405
amplitude modulation, 94n1
amplitude spectrum, 95, 102, 373
amplitude tomography, 433
amplitude
from ray densities, 100–1, 160, 169
reflected and transmitted waves, 32–4, 76, 85
Andes, deformation rates, 341
anelasticity, 185–6, 190–4
physical dispersion, 194–6
physical models, 196–7
angle of incidence
for plane waves, 65–6
in spherical earth, 157
angle of internal friction, 351
angle of sliding friction, 352
angular frequency, 31
angular order, 103
animal behavior, earthquake precursor, 25
anisotropy
asthenosphere, 180–2
azimuthal, 179
composite structures, 180
of core, 182–5
definition, 177
of lithosphere, 180–2
mantle, 182–4
of minerals and rocks, 179–80
olivine crystals, 60, 179
transverse isotropy, 178–9
velocities for, 178–9