80
P. Lazo et al.
% = 3% for Na and 9% for Cl respectively in INAA Analysis), so this factor is
considered as negligible. Other factors such as the anthropogenic factors, the altitude
of sampling sites, the distance from the coast, seasonal weather variability, nature of
precipitation etc., may also affect the Na/Cl molar ratio. In general, the mean Na/Cl
ratio in through-fall was reported lower than in bulk precipitation, except the sites
with high elevation (Thimonier et al. 2008). On the other hand, the Na/Cl molar ratio
in bulk precipitation was substantially higher than the respective ratio in sea-water
(Thimonier et al. 2008). The outlier points with Na/Cl molar ratio higher than 1.5
(4 in total, St. 4, 5, 20 and 30) are mostly positioned at the altitude of 800–1200 m
and in different distances from the coastal line. Two moss samples with high Na/Cl
molar ratios were positioned far from the coastal line (the 2nd and the 3rd transect
Lines, St. 20 and 30), by indicating higher effect of bulk deposition than the sea spray
origin. Two other moss samples (St. 4 and 5) were positioned in the coastal areas.
On the other hand, the anthropogenic factors have a strong effect to the Na/Cl molar
ratio (Xiao et al. 2018).
Low Na/Cl molar ratios (0.22–0.5), lower than the minimum value of 0.5, were
found in eleven moss samples (Fig. 6.3). Station 44 belongs to the 3rd transect (about
120 km far from the coastal line). Other stations were positioned just in coastal line
(1st transect, St. 2, 3, 10 and 11) and at the 2nd transect (St. 15, 18, 19), about
50 km far from the coastal line. As the distance from the coastal line is not high,
the decline in Na/Cl molar ratios is probably linked with the regional sources of
HCl production, such as coal combustion, waste burning or sea-salt dechlorination
process during which HCl is produced from the interaction of sea-salt aerosols and
atmospheric acid gases, such as H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 (Hara et al. 2004; Thimonier et al.
2008; Xiao et al. 2018).
Theoretically, Na (mol) versus Cl (mol) plot is a straight line with a slope of
0.857, or Cl (mol) versus Na (mol) is a straight line with a slope of 1.17 (Boatta
et al. 2014). The slope of Cl versus Na in current moss samples positioned in the
coastal line (the 1st Line) is 1.33, higher than 1.17. The highest value of Cl versus
Na was found from the regression data of the 1st Line (average value of Cl/Na =
3.22). It was far from the theoretical value of 1.17 that is probably derived from the
effects of the additional factors such as human activity, effects from the geogenic
factors and/or geographic position of sampling sites. The outlier points (St. 4 and 5,
Llogora and Orikum) at the distribution pattern of Cl/Na molar ratios of the data of
the 1st Line were characterized by low Cl content. Both sites are positioned at about
1200 m of altitude that could affect to the decline of the Cl content. In contrary, the
next outlier point, St. 11 (Golem) was characterized by high Cl content. Station 11 is
positioned very close to the coastal line of Durres Bay, the main harbor of Albania,
that is affected by high anthropogenic sources of shipping activity, human activity in
urban area and heavy traffic emission. The sequences of the average values of Cl/Na
molar ratios are Cl/Na 1st Transect = 2.96 > Cl/Na 2nd Transect = 1.95 > Cl/Na 3rd Transect
= 1.12. The decrease of the Cl/Na molar ratio as the distance from the coast is
increast is derived by additional factors beside the sea spry effect such as human
activity, geogenic factor and the geochemistry of soil duast particles, the weather
conditions and the geographic properties and the pozitions of sampling sites. It is
P. Lazo et al.
% = 3% for Na and 9% for Cl respectively in INAA Analysis), so this factor is
considered as negligible. Other factors such as the anthropogenic factors, the altitude
of sampling sites, the distance from the coast, seasonal weather variability, nature of
precipitation etc., may also affect the Na/Cl molar ratio. In general, the mean Na/Cl
ratio in through-fall was reported lower than in bulk precipitation, except the sites
with high elevation (Thimonier et al. 2008). On the other hand, the Na/Cl molar ratio
in bulk precipitation was substantially higher than the respective ratio in sea-water
(Thimonier et al. 2008). The outlier points with Na/Cl molar ratio higher than 1.5
(4 in total, St. 4, 5, 20 and 30) are mostly positioned at the altitude of 800–1200 m
and in different distances from the coastal line. Two moss samples with high Na/Cl
molar ratios were positioned far from the coastal line (the 2nd and the 3rd transect
Lines, St. 20 and 30), by indicating higher effect of bulk deposition than the sea spray
origin. Two other moss samples (St. 4 and 5) were positioned in the coastal areas.
On the other hand, the anthropogenic factors have a strong effect to the Na/Cl molar
ratio (Xiao et al. 2018).
Low Na/Cl molar ratios (0.22–0.5), lower than the minimum value of 0.5, were
found in eleven moss samples (Fig. 6.3). Station 44 belongs to the 3rd transect (about
120 km far from the coastal line). Other stations were positioned just in coastal line
(1st transect, St. 2, 3, 10 and 11) and at the 2nd transect (St. 15, 18, 19), about
50 km far from the coastal line. As the distance from the coastal line is not high,
the decline in Na/Cl molar ratios is probably linked with the regional sources of
HCl production, such as coal combustion, waste burning or sea-salt dechlorination
process during which HCl is produced from the interaction of sea-salt aerosols and
atmospheric acid gases, such as H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 (Hara et al. 2004; Thimonier et al.
2008; Xiao et al. 2018).
Theoretically, Na (mol) versus Cl (mol) plot is a straight line with a slope of
0.857, or Cl (mol) versus Na (mol) is a straight line with a slope of 1.17 (Boatta
et al. 2014). The slope of Cl versus Na in current moss samples positioned in the
coastal line (the 1st Line) is 1.33, higher than 1.17. The highest value of Cl versus
Na was found from the regression data of the 1st Line (average value of Cl/Na =
3.22). It was far from the theoretical value of 1.17 that is probably derived from the
effects of the additional factors such as human activity, effects from the geogenic
factors and/or geographic position of sampling sites. The outlier points (St. 4 and 5,
Llogora and Orikum) at the distribution pattern of Cl/Na molar ratios of the data of
the 1st Line were characterized by low Cl content. Both sites are positioned at about
1200 m of altitude that could affect to the decline of the Cl content. In contrary, the
next outlier point, St. 11 (Golem) was characterized by high Cl content. Station 11 is
positioned very close to the coastal line of Durres Bay, the main harbor of Albania,
that is affected by high anthropogenic sources of shipping activity, human activity in
urban area and heavy traffic emission. The sequences of the average values of Cl/Na
molar ratios are Cl/Na 1st Transect = 2.96 > Cl/Na 2nd Transect = 1.95 > Cl/Na 3rd Transect
= 1.12. The decrease of the Cl/Na molar ratio as the distance from the coast is
increast is derived by additional factors beside the sea spry effect such as human
activity, geogenic factor and the geochemistry of soil duast particles, the weather
conditions and the geographic properties and the pozitions of sampling sites. It is